INTRODUCTION

Research on ectoparasites in birds involving lice, mites, fleas, ticks, and flies has been inten sifying in recent years (^{McAllister et al., 2018}; ^{Hasan, 2019}). The importance of the studies of ectoparasites of birds includes different aspects among which the influence that they have on their hosts stands out, as well as the conditioning that can cause the parasitic load in the behavior, feeding, reproduction and migration of the birds (^{Clayton et al., 2010}; ^{Hicks et al., 2018}).

Chewing lice (Amblycera and Ischnocera) belonging to the order Phthiraptera are obligate and specific ectoparasites of birds and mam mals (^{Parra-Henao et al., 2011}; ^{Gomez-Puerta & Cribillero, 2015}). Lice can be highly specif ic to their hosts, as several species have been identified in a single host; while some species of lice have been recorded in other closely related birds (^{Tavera et al., 2019}). For example, lice of the genus Acidoproctus Piaget, 1878, are the most common in wild birds, having a predilec tion for the families Anatidae and Anseranatidae (^{Arnold, 2006}). In the same way, it is mentioned that lice of the genera Austromenopon Bedford 1939, Quadraceps Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1939, Saemundssonia Timmermann, 1936 and Ciconiphilus Bedford, 1939, are closely associ ated with birds of the order Charadriiformes (^{Figueiredo et al., 2010}; Tavera et al., 2019).

The importance of the study of chewing lice in birds contemplates two points of view, which the phylogenetic that encompasses com mon parasites in different hosts, which confers close kinship relationships (^{Saavedra-Orjuela et al., 2014}), and the pathological one since many lice act as biological and mechanical vectors of pathogens such as rickettsia, and the direct dam age they cause due to their eating and fixation behavior in different parts of the body (Parra- Henao et al., 2011).

In Peru, studies of lice in birds have been ad dressed in recent years with the work of several researchers (^{Gomez-Puerta & Lujan 2018}; Soto- Patiño et al., 2018; ^{Tavera et al., 2019}, among others), who recorded new hosts and geographic range extensions for many species of lice. Despite this, there is still a significant fraction of birds that do not present any study on ectoparasites in various regions of Peru; the present study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of lice in birds from Peru.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The specimens studied were taken from the collection of Helminths Parasites and Related Invertebrates (HPIA-ZOO) from the Zoological Collection of the Museum of Natural History of the National University Federico Villarreal (MUFV). Hosts, locations, harvest dates and col lectors are mentioned in the results section.

The morphologic study of the specimens followed the methodology proposed by ^{Palma (1978}), which consisted of rinsing the specimens in a 20% Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution for 12 h. Then the samples were kept in distilled water for 1 h, they were dehydrated in successive series of ethanol (50%, 70%, 90% and 100%), 30 min in each solution, subsequently diaphanized in Eugenol for 24 h. Finally, the samples were mounted in Balsam of Canada. The specimens were dried at 50 - 60 °C in an oven, for three weeks (^{Tavera et al., 2019}).

For the morphological description of the specimens, photographs and measurements were taken using a Euromex® light microscope with ImageFocus Spanish version4 software. Measurements are shown in micrometers (μm) unless otherwise indicated in the text. For the taxonomic identification of lice, specialized keys were followed (^{Timmermann, 1952}; ^{Eichler, 1953}; ^{Clay, 1959}; ^{Carriker, 1960}; ^{Nelson, 1972}; ^{Price et al., 2003}; ^{Mey, 2004}; ^{Valim & Linardi, 2007}; ^{Martín, 2009}; ^{Naz et al., 2012}). The host nomenclature follows ^{Schulenberg et al. (2010}).

The procedures for collecting parasitic fau na in the birds was approved by resolution 2558-2018-CU-UNFV that includes the code of ethics for research at the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (UNFV) and by Director’s Resolution N°024-2014-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. For the management of the parasitic fauna, the guidelines of the protection and animal wel fare law of Peru were followed (Law No. 30407: Article 19). The collection of the parasitic fauna is indicated by the SERFOR (Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre) of Peru that es tablishes the guidelines for the scientific inves tigation of flora and/or wild fauna (Resolution of Executive Direction Nº060-2016 SERFOR-DE).

RESULTS

Lice species were collected from seven bird species: belcher’s gull Larus belcheri Vigors, 1829, pale-tailed barbthroat Threnetes leucurus (Linnaeus, 1766), rufous-rumped foliage-glean er Philydor erythrocercum (Pelzeln, 1859), grey-breasted flycatcher Lathrotriccus griseipec tus (Lawrence, 1869), Common scale-backed antbird Willisornis poecilinotus (Cabanis, 1847), wedge-billed woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spiru rus (Vieillot, 1819) and rock dove Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789).

Ten lice species distributed in three families are described: three species of the Menoponidae fam ily, five species of Philopteridae and two species of Ricinidae.

Amblycera

Menoponidae Mjöberg, 1910

Austromenopon Bedford, 1939

Austromenopon transversum (Denny, 1842)

(Fig. 1A -D)

Fig. 1 A-D. Austromenopon transversum, A. Whole body (female), dorsal view (200 μm), B. Lunar form of the prothorax (100 μm), C. Male reproductive system (50 μm), D. Vulvar segment of female with presence of short mush rooms like structures (50 μm). E-H. Colpocephalum turbiratum, E. Whole body (female), dorsal view (200 μm), F. Two rows of short mushrooms in the ventral area of the abdominal sternite III (arrows) (50 μm), G. Three rows of short mushrooms on the femur of the third pair of legs (Arrows) (50 μm), H. Male reproductive system (200 μm). 

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:161.

Host: Larus belcheri, Peru: Lima: Ventanilla, 11°52´15” S, 77°9´30” W, 21-23.ix.2017, Naupay A.

Description: Based on 4 individuals (1 male, 3 female). Prothorax in the lunar form, prothorac ic marginal setae do not reach the metathorax, long prothoracic dorsal setae (males), a lateral long seta, starting from the second segment of the abdomen; margin of the subgenital plate in the female is transverse and presents short se tae. Male: Total body length 1194 (n = 1); head length 237; length of prothorax 158, length of pterothorax 245; abdomen length 543, abdo men width 497. Female: Total body length 1665 (1642-1677, n = 3); head length 251 (232-264), head width 506 (498 - 513); prothorax length 217 (197-229), pterothorax length 273 (267 -279); abdomen length 966 (926-1024), abdomen width 719 (685 - 748).

Comment: Austromenopon transversum was first reported in Peru parasitizing Larus modes tus Tschudi, 1843 (^{Dale, 1970}) and in Chile it is reported in hosts of the family Laridae (^{González-Acuña et al., 2006}), but not includ ing L. belcheri. Likewise, ^{Price et al. (2003}) and ^{Smith et al. (2020}) have reported A. tranversum in different species of the genus Larus but not in L. belcheri, so this would be the first report of A. transversum parasitizing L. belcheri.

Colpocephalum Nitzsch, 1818

Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842

(Fig. 1E-H)

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:157.

Host: Columba livia, Peru: Lima: Cercado de Lima, 12°2´43” S, 77°1´45” W, 02-03.ix.2017, Naupay, A.

Description: Based on 7 individuals (4 males, 3 females). The species is characterized by pre senting two rows of short setae in the ventral part of the abdominal sternum III and three rows of short spiny setae in the ventral part of the III femur. Females have a “W” shaped anal plate. Male: Total body length 1542(1431 -1797, n = 4); head length 270 (243 -287), head width 440 (424 -469); prothorax length 142 (115 -167), pterothorax length 259 (132 -363); abdomen length 871 (797 -985), abdomen width 476 (426 -585). Female: Total body length 1741 (1713 -1762, n = 3); head length 283 (266 -294), head width 459 (447 -467); prothorax length 157 (152 -159), pterothorax length 266 (233 -286); abdo men length 1057 (974 -1100), abdomen width 580 (552 - 617).

Comment: Colpocephalum turbinatum is consid ered a generalist species since it has been report ed parasitizing different orders of birds, such as Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, Ciconiformes and Galliformes by various au thors in different countries (^{Martín, 2006}; Parra- Henao et al., 2011; ^{Adly et al., 2019}). This species has been recorded for the first time in Peru in the study of ^{Dale (1970}) parasitizing C. livia, this relationship coincides with our study where the association is also observed.

Hohorstiella Eichler, 1940

Hohorstiella lata (Piaget, 1880)

(Fig. 2A -D)

Fig. 2 A-D. Hohorstiella lata, A. Whole body (female) (500 μm). B. Pair of spines on the ventral head (100 μm), C. Two-segment antenna, the first segment with a marked lobe (50 μm), D. Vulvar segment of female with long and short mushrooms like structures (50 μm). E-H. Ricinus frenatus, E. Whole body (female) (500 μm), F. Convex head shape (200 μm), G. Labium with 14 pairs of mushrooms and jaw lobes of almost equal sizes (20 μm), H. Seta a1 as long as the “pa” series (20 μm). 

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:158.

Host: Columba livia, Peru: Lima: Cercado de Lima, 12°2´43” S, 77°1´45” W, 02-03.ix.2017, Naupay, A.

Description: Based on three adult females. Head wider than long, with a pair of spines on the ventral part, abdomen oblong, antenna of two segments, the first segment with a marked lobe and the second small and rounded, abdom inal sternite IV-V with thin brush-shaped seta; broad vulvar margin with long and short fine mushrooms like structures. Total body length 2048 (2051 -2454, n = 3); head length 393 (366 -417), head width 670 (662 -675); length of the prothorax 227 (209 -256), length of the pterotho rax 386 (330 -417); abdomen length 1258 (1115 -1371), abdomen width 1151 (1079 -1235).

Comment: The association of Columba livia and Hohorstiella lata found in this study coin cides with that reported by ^{Quiguango (2015}) in Ecuador, by ^{Cortés et al. (2016}) in Colombia and in the same way in Brazil (^{Amaral et al., 2017}). In Peru, H. lata has not been registered in pre vious works, so this study would be the first to report this ectoparasite within the diversity of chewing lice for the country.

Ricinidae Neumann, 1890

Ricinus De Geer, 1778

Ricinus frenatus Burmeister, 1838

(Fig. 2E-2H)

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:151 and (MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:152.

Hosts: Philydor erythrocercum, Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49.32’’S, 74°56’8.16” W, 18-22. iii.2018, Cipriano, S.; Lathrotriccus griseipec tus, Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 18-22.iii.2018. Cipriano, S.

Description: Based on 3 individuals (females). Head convex in shape. This species differs from the other Ricinus species by presenting the end of the mandibular lobes (left and right) of simi lar size, slightly ovoid sclerites, labium with 14 pairs of setae, seta a1 as long as the pa series. Total body length 4500 (4462 - 4552, n = 3); head length 977 (971-986), head width 762 (754-767); prothorax length 477 (467 - 492), pterothorax length 632 (556 - 689); abdomen length 2414 (2378 - 2443), abdomen width 1193 (1171 - 1214).

Comment: The genus Ricinus has been reported in the study by ^{Soto-Patiño et al. (2018}) parasit izing species from different families of the order Passeriformes found in Peru. In this study we re port for the first time R. frenatus in Peru and two new hosts: P. erythrocercum and L. griseipectus.

Trochiloecetes Paine & Mann, 1913

Trochiloecetes illumani^{Carriker, 1960}

(Fig. 3A -D)

Fig. 3 A-D. Trochiloecetes illumani, A. Whole body (female), dorsal view (500 μm), B. Concave fronts (200 μm), C. Two-band thin cross front carina (100 μm), D. Male reproductive system (200 μm). E-H. Campanulotes compar, E. Whole body (female) (200 μm), F. Antenna in 4 segments, the first segment, longer (100 μm), G. Male reproductive apparatus in two lobes, provided with short mushrooms at each end (100 μm), H. Female genital pore (50 μm). 

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:153.

Host: Threnetes leucurus, Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’ S, 74°56’8” W, 18-22. iii.2018, Cipriano, S.

Description: Based on 5 individuals (1 male, 4 female). Short and wide head, concave fronts (430). It has a thin transverse frontal carina and is made up of two narrow bands across the occip ital region, thinner prothorax and pterothorax carina, slightly thickened longer jaws, very thick lateral carina and abdominal joints. Male: Total body length (2059, n = 1); head length 500, head width 609; prothorax length 302, pterothorax length 300; abdomen length 957, abdomen width 1047. Female: Total body length 2372 (2209 - 2455, n = 4); head length 528 (501 - 556), head width 650 (647 - 652); prothorax length 337 (326 - 350), pterothorax length 338 (248 -390); abdo men length 1172 (1063 - 1246), abdomen width 1095 (1006 - 1145).

Comment: The genus Trochiloecetes has been reported parasitizing different species of birds of the Trochilidae family in Brazil (^{Roda & Farias, 1999}), Argentina (^{Abrahamovich et al., 2006}) and in Peru by ^{Soto-Patiño et al. (2018}). Additionally, ^{Carriker (1960}) reported the genus for the first time in Peru in the host Threnetes leucurus, the latter association coincides with our study. Therefore T. illumani is reported as a new ec toparasite for Peru, and the Bardud Hermit (T. leucurus) as a new host for this species.

Ischnocera

Philopteridae Burmeister, 1838

Campanulotes Kéler, 1939

Campanulotes compar (Burmeister, 1838)

(Fig. 3E-H)

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:156.

Host: Columba livia, Peru: Lima: Cercado de Lima, 12°2´43” S, 77°1´45” W, 02-03.ix.2017, Naupay, A.

Description: Based on 6 individuals (3 males, 2 females). Antenna with four segments, the first segment, longer than the others. Acute temples, IX male abdominal segment presents a slightly bilobed plate provided with setae at each lobar end and a pair of contiguous lateral sclerites. Vulvar margin (female) bordered by rows of tiny mushroom like structures. Rounded clipeal bor der and slightly elongated pre-antennal region. Male: Total body length 1123 (1078 -1156, n = 3); head length 353 (343 -359), head width 366 (354 -376); prothorax length 108 (86 -133), pterothorax length 158 (136 -176); abdomen length 497 (474 -519), abdomen width 555 (477 -680). Female: Total body length 1376 (1365 -1387, n = 2); head length 398 (397 -399), head width 401 (393 -409); prothorax length 119 (109 - 128), pterothorax length 200 (186 -214); abdo men length 609 (479 -697), abdomen width 512 (438 -558).

Comment: Campanulotes compar is an ecto parasite that has been reported in Gallus gallus domesticus in Brazil (^{Ferreira et al., 2013}) and in columbiform birds such as the common dove C. livia in Chile by ^{González et al. (2004}), in the same way in Ecuador by ^{Quiguango (2015}), the same relationship was reported by ^{Dale (1970}) for the first time in Peru, thus coinciding with our study.

Columbicola Ewing, 1929

Columbicola columbae (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Fig. 4A -D)

Fig. 4 A-D. Columbicola columbae A. Whole body (female) (200 μm), B. Brush Mushroom (50 μm), C. Male re productive system (100 μm), D. Vulvar segment of female in two lobes (100 μm). E-H. Mayriphilopterus ernsti E. Whole body (female), ventral view (400 μm). F. Four spatula mushrooms on each side of the fronts (50 μm), G. Strong thorns (50 μm), H. Male copulatory organ (200 μm). 

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:159.

Host: Columba livia, Peru: Lima: Cercado de Lima, 12°2´43” S, 77°1´45” W, 02-03.ix.2017, Naupay, A.

Description: Based on 7 individuals (5 males, 2 females). The species of this genus are char acterized by having an elongated and thin body. Likewise, they present a clear sexual dimor phism based on the antennas, the males present the third segment of the antenna (proximal segment) wider and more robust compared to the female that has it in the form of a brush and the vulvar segment of the female in two lobes (^{Eichler, 1953}). Male: Total body length 2642 (2409 -2749, n = 5); head length 545 (525 -561), head width 274 (266 -279); prothorax length 144 (128 - 173), pterothorax length 304 (271 -350); abdomen length 1649 (1361 -1773), abdomen width 371 (350 -411). Female: Total body length 2445 (2247 - 2643, n = 2); head length 536 (503 - 569), head width 273 (267 - 278); prothorax length 134 (123-144), pterothorax length 279 (275-282); length of abdomen 1497 (1318 - 1676), width of abdomen 351 (331 - 371).

Comment: Columbicola columbae is a cosmo politan ectoparasite common in pigeons, and whose specific association has been reported in Peru (^{Naupay et al., 2015}; ^{Castro et al., 2017}), Colombia (^{Pérez et al., 2015}), Brazil (^{De Oliveira et al., 2000}), Chile (^{González et al., 2004}) to name a few, thus coinciding with our results.

Mayriphilopterus^{Mey, 2004}

Mayriphilopterus ernsti^{Mey, 2004}

(Fig. 4E-H)

Material studied: Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 10-15.v.2018, Cipriano, S. (MUFV:ZOO-HPIA:154); Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 10-15.v.2018, Cipriano, S. (MUFV:ZOO-HPIA:155); Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 10-15.v.2018, Cipriano, S. (MUFV:ZOO-HPIA:163); Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 10-15.v.2018, Cipriano, S. (MUFV:ZOO-HPIA:164).

Hosts: Philydor erythrocercum, Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 18-22.iii.2018, Cipriano, S.; Lathrotriccus griseipectus, Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 18- 22.iii.2018, Cipriano, S.; Willisornis poecilinotus, Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 18-22.iii.2018, Cipriano, S.; Glyphorynchus spirurus, Peru: Huanuco: Puerto Inca 9°36’49’’S, 74°56’8”W, 18-22.iii.2018, Cipriano, S.

Description: Based on 4 individuals (1 male, 3 female). It is characterized by the absence of a functional conus; trabecula well developed. Clypeus with hyaline membrane without mar ginal sclerotization. Presence of 4 pairs of spat ulate mushrooms like structures in the clipped hyaline membrane, the latter being the most dis tinctive character. Male: Total body length 1764 (n = 1); head length 607, head width 597; length of prothorax 213, length of pterothorax 232; ab domen length 712, abdomen width 535. Female: Total body length 2513 (2403 - 2586, n = 3); head length 693 (676-715), head width 704 (698- 710); prothorax length 272 (254-307), pterotho rax length 324 (308-351); abdomen length 1224 (1165-1279), abdomen width 837 (796-883).

Comment: Mayriphilopterus ernsti was dis covered and described for the first time by ^{Mey (2004}) in Monasa morphoeus peruana Sclater, 1856 in the province of Victoria, Río Pachitea, Peru. Our study expands the host list for M. ernsti with species of the order Passeriformes: Philydor erythrocercum, Lathrotriccus griseipec tus, Willisornis poecilinotus, and Glyphorynchus spirurus.

Quadraceps Clay & Meinertzhagen, 1939

Quadraceps eugrammicus (Burmeister, 1838)

(Fig. 5A -D)

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:162.

Host: Larus belcheri, Peru: Lima: Ventanilla, 11°52´15” S, 77°9´30” W, 21-23.ix.2017. Naupay A.

Description: Based on 5 individuals (4 males, 1 female). The antennae present in the last two segments a darker coloration than the rest of the segments. The contours of the temples form an acute angle. The edge of the head has dark pigmentation, except for the frontal area. It has a long mushroom that grows from the edge of the temple. Abdominal segments have trans verse dark brown spots; Dark coloration that extends to the entire proximal part of the basal plate (^{Timmermann, 1952}). Male: Total body length 1763 (1708 -1794, n = 4); head length 505 (469-543), head width 363 (357 -367); prothorax length 129 (102-141), pterothorax length 190 (175-207); abdomen length 933 (907-974), abdo men width 421 (424-472). Female: Total body length 2907 (n=1), head length 527, head width 365. Prothorax length 108, pterothorax length 186. Abdomen length 1176, abdomen width 460.

Comment: The genus Quadraceps was first reported in Peru by ^{Carriker (1950}), find ing the congeneric species Quadraceps burhi noides Carriker, 1950 in hosts of the family Charadriidae, from Paramonga and later by ^{Gomez-Puerta & Lujan-Vega (2018}) in Surco, Lima. In our study, we reported for the first time on Q. eugrammicus in Peru and L. belcheri as a new host for this species.

Saemundssonia Timmermann, 1936

Saemundssonia (Saemundssonia) lari (O. Fabricius, 1780)

(Fig. 5E-H)

Material studied: MUFV: ZOO-HPIA:160.

Host: Larus belcheri, Peru: Lima: Ventanilla, 11°52´15.352” S, 77°9´30.283” W, 21-23.ix.2017, Naupay A.

Description: Based on 5 individuals (3 males, 2 females). It has a strong coloration throughout the body. Temples not very widened. The width of the head is equal to or slightly less than the length of the head. The posterior appendage of the clipeal dorsal plate clearly composed of two parts: a conical and colored part, followed by a lighter prolongation that ends in a sharp shape and with a dark coloration. Male: Total body length 1725 (1619-1817, n = 3); head length 579 (555-594), head width 593 (589-599); prothorax length 158 (140-171), pterothorax length 219 (200-246); abdomen length 813 (765-853), abdo men width 814 (805-820). Female: Total body length 2052 (2051-2052, n = 2); head length 629 (607-651), head width 659 (657-660); prothorax length 161 (158-163), pterothorax length 239 (216-262); abdomen length 1068 (1065-1071), abdomen width 1031 (1027-1034).

Comment: This species was recorded in Chile in hosts of the family Laridae by ^{González-Acuña et al. (2006}). In Peru it has been previously re ported in Leucophaeus atricilla, from Atocongo, Lima, and in Larus belcheri from Pisco, Ica (^{Dale, 1970}). Additionally, ^{Gomez-Puerta & Cribillero (2015}) reported S. lari in Larus pipixcan in the Province of Huaral, Lima. Therefore, the ecto parasite-host relationship found in this study coincides with what has already been reported.

DISCUSSION

Peru has a great diversity of birds, with approximately 1870 species (^{Plenge, 2020}). However, the number of bird species evaluated for the study of chewing lice is still low (Gomez- Puerta & Cribillero, 2015), despite the impor tance of these studies because of the effects of parasites like lice in birds. These parasites have direct pathological effects (hyperkeratosis and damage to feathers), and indirect effects such as negative sexual selection for parasitized birds (^{Lopez et al., 2008}; ^{Liebana et al., 2011}; Moreno- Rueda & Hoi, 2012).

Among the results of this investigation, we report the species Q. eugrammicus, S. lari and A. transversum parasitizing the Peruvian seagull Larus belcheri (Charadriiformes). These three species of lice have been recorded in birds of the Laridae family in Chile, the Galapagos Islands, and Mexico (^{Emerson, 1972}; ^{González-Acuña et al., 2006}; ^{Palma & Peck, 2013}), but only S. lari was previously reported in L. belcheri (^{Dale, 1970}). Birds of the genus Larus are highly prone to the transmission of ectoparasites due to the close relationship between their species, shar ing spaces in their habitat, nesting and feeding (^{Gómez & González, 2010}; ^{Lenzi, 2011}), which could generate contagion between species.

We also report two taxa of lice in the family Ricinidae, the genera Trochiloecetes and Ricinus, although both genera belong to the same fam ily, they parasitize different orders of birds. In our study we report for the first-time T. illumani parasitizing T. leucurus. In the case of Ricinus frenatus, ^{Valan et al. (2016}) reported this species in association with different birds of the order Passerifomes. These results agree with the ones published by ^{Soto-Patiño et al. (2018}), who re port the Ricinus genus in multiple Passerifomes birds.

Four species of ectoparasites were identi fied in the common pigeon Columba livia. This host bird has been studied in Brazil by ^{Amaral et al. (2017}) who reported the same species of ectoparasites in their study. In Peru, different authors have reported the same association of ectoparasites with the host, found in C. colum bae (^{Naupay et al., 2015}; ^{Castro et al., 2017}), C. turbiratum and C. compar (^{Dale, 1970}), however, it was not previously reported for H. lata. The diversity of ectoparasites in C. livia could be at tributed to the fact that this species has a close interaction with domestic and wild birds, in addi tion to being located in different parts of the city, which can generate a cross contagion (^{Begum & Sehrin, 2011}).

CONCLUSION

Our results show important contributions to the diversity of chewing lice in birds of Peru, in cluding four new reports of lice for the country. Likewise, new associations were found, expan ding the list of hosts for four species of chewing lice. This work highlights the need to investigate parasites in birds that do not present previous studies on ectoparasites since these birds are likely to harbor new species for Peru and science.