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Ciencia del suelo

versão On-line ISSN 1850-2067

Resumo

EIZA, Maximiliano J; FIORITI, Natalia; STUDDERT, Guillermo A  e  ECHEVERRIA, Hernán E. Organic carbon fractions in the arable layer: cropping systems and nitrogen fertilization effects. Cienc. suelo [online]. 2005, vol.23, n.1, pp.59-67. ISSN 1850-2067.

In the southeastern Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) unsuitable combination of crop rotation and tillage systems (cropping systems, SC) has reduced soil organic matter content. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of seven SC in a long term experiment (since 1976) started in 1994: permanent pasture (PP), permanent cropping under no tillage (SD) (SD100) and conventional tillage (LC) (LC100), cropping-pasture rotation (50% - 50% of time (3 yr each)) under SD (SD50) and LC (LC50), cropping pasture rotation (75% - 25% of time (6 and 3 yr)) under SD (SD75) and LC (LC75); and two N fertilization rates: 0 and 120 kg N ha-1, on total (COT) and particulate (COP) organic carbon, for 0-20 cm depth in 1994 and for 0-5 cm, 5-20 cm and 0-20 cm depths in 2003. In 1994 COP and COT showed the effect of previous management of different crop rotations under LC, and the shortest the cropping period, the highest COP and COT. In 2003, there were not differences among SC in COT at 5-20 and 0-20 cm depths. At 0-5 cm depth differences were not clear, but PP, LC50 and SD50 (under pasture until sampling) did not differ among them and had COT greater than the other SC. Particulate organic carbon was highest under PP, SD50 and LC50 either at 0-5 and 0-20 cm depths. At 0-5 cm depth there were not differences between SD75 and SD100 nor between LC75 and LC100, although COP under SD was significantly greater than under LC, showing a trend to decrease with cropping years. This difference between tillage systems was not observed at 0-20 cm depth. At 5-20 cm depth, we found unclear differences in COP between SC, although decreasing with cropping years. Total organic carbon was greater at all depths in those plots that had received 120 kg N ha-1, respect to those unfertilized, although not significantly. At 5-20 and 0-20 cm depths, fertilization produced significantly higher COP than without it. Variation between 1994 and 2003 at 0-20 cm depth showed significant differences in COP and COT. There were not differences neither between increases of COP in those SC under pasture in 2003 nor between them and those under SD. On the other hand, relative variation of COP, especially at 0-5 cm depth, was higher than the relative variation of the other variables. It is concluded that short cropping-pasture rotations (50% and 50% of time), SD and N fertilization improve COT and COP and it has been demonstrated the beneficial effect of such practices. For the conditions of this experiment, COP has been a more sensitive indicator than COT, and it would be able to detect management practices effects.

Palavras-chave : Soil management; Organic matter; Particulate organic matter; Tillage; Crop rotations.

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