SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.43 número3Palinología e importancia paleoambiental de la Formación Tunal (Daniano) en su localidad tipo, Quebrada El Chorro (Salta, Argentina)La fauna de insectos triásicos de la Argentina: Coleoptera de la Formación Los Rastros (Cuenca del Bermejo), Provincia de la Rioja índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Revista

Articulo

Indicadores

  • No hay articulos citadosCitado por SciELO

Links relacionados

  • No hay articulos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Ameghiniana

versión On-line ISSN 1851-8044

Ameghiniana v.43 n.3 Buenos Aires jul./sep. 2006

 

Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov., a new mimosoid polyad species from the Neogene of Colorado Basin, Argentina

Marta A. Caccavari1, 3 and M. Verónica Guler2, 3

1 Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "B. Rivadavia", Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina. macaccavari@yahoo.com.ar
2 Departamento de Geología de la Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina. vguler@criba.edu.ar
3 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.

Abstract. Fossil mimosoid polyads have been recently recovered from Neogene deposits in the Colorado Basin, Argentina, and the new species Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov. is described, which is closely similar to polyads of species included in Acacia Miller subgenus Acacia Vassal. It is characterized by colporate apertures on the distal face of the pollen grains, a typical polyad of the subgenus Acacia. The new polyad species is very similar to those of the extant Acacia curvifructa Burkart. Comparing the habitat of subgenus Acacia extant species, the Acaciapollenites acaciae occurrence suggests drier and warmer paleoclimatic conditions than today for the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene in the Colorado Basin. Paleogeographic data of Acacia pollen diversity are discussed. A similar early diversification and distribution of Acacia genus is recognized for the New and Old World.

Resumen. Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov., una nueva políade de mimosoidea del Neógeno, en la Cuenca del Colorado, Argentina . Políades afines a Mimosoideas fueron recuperadas de depósitos del Neógeno de la cuenca del Colorado, Argentina. Por sus detalles morfológicos es reconocida una nueva especie con afinidad botánica a las especies actuales del género Acacia, subgénero Acacia. Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov. se distingue por presentar aperturas colporadas sobre la superficie distal de sus granos de polen, políade típica de las especies del subgénero Acacia. La nueva especie de políade se compara con las de la especie actual Acacia curvifructa. Comparando el hábitat de las actuales especies del subgénero Acacia, la presencia de Acaciapollenites acaciae en el Neógeno de la cuenca del Colorado, sugiere condiciones paleoclimáticas más áridas y cálidas que las de hoy día. Se discuten los datos paleogeográficos de la diversidad de Acacia. Es reconocida tanto para el Nuevo como para el Viejo Mundo, una temprana diversificación y dispersión del género.

Key words. Acacia polyads; Neogene; Colorado Basin; Argentina.
Palabras clave. Políades de Acacia; Neógeno; Cuenca del Colorado; Argentina.

Introduction

Records of fossil pollen having affinity with Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) tetrads or polyads from Neogene sediments started with Acacia polyads from Tertiary Australian deposits (Cookson, 1954).
Currently, fossil records of mimosoid polyads representative of different genera are numerous (Sole de Porta, 1961; Graham and Jarzen, 1969; Mildenhall, 1972; Guinet and Salard-Cheboldaeff, 1975; Graham, 1977, 1988, 1991, 1992; Salard-Cheboldaeff, 1978; Anzótegui and Garralla, 1980; Crepet and Taylor, 1985; Guinet and Bessedik, 1984; Lima and Amador, 1985; Lima et al., 1985; Caccavari and Anzótegui, 1987; Guinet et al., 1987; Guinet and Ferguson, 1989; Barreda and Caccavari, 1992; Cavagnetto and Guinet, 1994; Graham and Dilcher, 1995; Caccavari and Barreda, 2000). Not only do these records demonstrate the diversification of Mimosoideae since the Oligocene, they also contributed to paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic interpretations.
Most pollen records from American tropical areas were originally related to the genus Acacia Miller. More detailed studies (Caccavari, 1996) have, however, indicated botanical affinity with some other genera of recent Mimosoideae and this more recently established New World diversity is comparable to that of the Old World Eocene to Oligocene fossil records.
The present work describes the distinctive pollen morphology of a new mimosoid pollen fossil species. Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov. is closely similar to the polyads of living species of Acacia Miller subgenus Acacia Vassal. Its presence in the Miocene- Pliocene boundary of Argentina also has paleoclimatic and paleogeographic significance.
The specimens studied were recovered from Neogene marine deposits in the Colorado Basin, Argentina (figure 1). The biostratigraphic control for these Neogene sediments is based mainly on highest occurrences or LADs (last appearance data) of selected dinoflagellate cysts, since the available material is derived from cutting samples (Guerstein and Junciel, 2001; Guerstein et al., 2001; Guler et al., 2001). Based on dinoflagellate cysts and sporomorph assemblages, Guerstein and Junciel (2001) and Guler et al. (2001) proposed a Late Miocene-Early Pliocene age for the 200-530 m interval. Palynological assemblages, bearing dominant and well-preserved continental palynomorphs, abundant chlorococcalean algal spores, but scarce dinoflagellate cysts, indicate that these deposits accumulated in shallow marine waters near the shoreline (Guler et al., 2001). The pollen assemblages are dominated by angiosperms, mainly represented by Chenopodiaceae associated with Ephedraceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae and Scrophulariaceae, possibly reflecting arid conditions.


Figure 1. Location map / mapa de ubicación.

Material and methods

The fossil material was extracted from cutting samples taken from well Cx-1 of the Colorado Basin (figure 1). This is a rift basin formed in the Late Jurassic during the initial opening of the South Atlantic. It is located between 38º S and 41º S and lies primarily offshore. The 200-530 m stratigraphical interval, from which specimens have been recovered, corresponds to the uppermost part of the Barranca Final Formation, which consists of sand and glauconitic sandstone with shale and limestone horizons (Urien et al., 1981).
The fossil specimens from sample nº P34405, are held in the Laboratory of Palynology collection, Universidad Nacional del Sur. The sample was treated according to the technique used by Guler et al. (2001). Pollen reference material from extant species was acetolyzed (Erdtman, 1960) and reference slides are held in the Actuopalynotheca of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" and prefixed BApa (Buenos Aires, Palinología, Actual).
Microscope coordinates correspond to the Vernier Scale of the Nikon Eclipse 600. Photomicrographs were taken with a Nikon FDX-35 camera. England Finder references are provided for illustrated specimens.
The Glossaries of Punt et al. (1994) and Guinet (1990) were used for terminology.

Results

Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov. is comparable with the polyads morphology of extant species of Acacia subgenus Acacia described in Caccavari and Domé (2000), according to the group III of Acacia created and illustrated by Guinet (1964). It is characterized by having colporate apertures on the distal faces of the individual pollen grains and a tectate exine with collumelar infratectum (figures 2.A, C and E). The type species, Acaciapollenites myriosporites (Mildenhall, 1972), differs from A. acaciae sp. nov. in the following characteristics: presence of furrows or pseudocolpi forming a quadrangular syncolpy on distal face of the pollen grains and separately, subdistal pores with angular distribution (group II of Acacia polyad created by Guinet 1964), particularly present in many of the extant species of Phyllodineae Pedley 1978 (Guinet, 1986). The differences between these fossil polyads species have been already marked and illustrated by Caccavari (1996). The morphological features discussed above support Acaciapollenites acaciae as a new species.


Figure 2. A-D, Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov. A, Holotype, general view in optical section. Note in the distal exine of the peripheral pollen grains, the infratectal columella (arrows) and the interrupted sexine corresponding to the optical section of colpi (arrowheads); slide coordinates P34405, EF: N 48/2 / holotipo, vista general en corte óptico. En la exina distal de los granos de polen periféricos, pueden observarselas columelas infratectales (flechas) y la sexina interrumpida (puntas de flecha), correspondiendo a la sección óptica de un colpo. B, Holotype, general view of polyad in surface focus with Normasky microscope system. Note colpi Y-shaped of the central grains, the colpi H-shaped (arrowheads) in peripheral grains and the irregularly perforate surface of the exine on the distal face of the pollen grains (arrows) / holotipo, vista general de la políade con foco en la superficie con sistema Normasky. Se observa la sincolpía en forma de Y en los granos centrales y enforma de H (puntas de flecha) en los granos perispéricos de la políade y la superficie irregularmente perforada de la exina en la cara distal de los granosde polen (flecha). C, Paratype, general view; slide P34408, coordinates EF: Q52/4. Note the columellate exine (arrowhead) / paratipo,vista general. Nótese la exina columelada (punta de flecha). D, Paratype, general view with Normasky microscope system. Note a pore at the end of a colpus (arrow) and the columellate exine (arrowhead) / paratipo, vista general en sistema Normasky. Se observa un poro al final de uncolpo (flecha) y la exina columelada (punta de flecha). E-F, Acacia curvifructa Burkart BAPa 269. E, Focus on the distal face of the central grains and syncolpi Y- shaped. A pore (arrow) and the irregular exine surface are observed / foco sobre la cara distal de los granos centrales y la sincolpíaen forma de Y. Se observa un poro (flecha) y la superficie irregular de la exina. F, General view of the polyad. Note the distal irregularly perforate exine and collumella of the peripheral pollen grains and the interrupted sexine corresponding to the section of colpus, / vista general de la políade. Se observa la exina distal de los granos de polen periféricos irregularmente perforada, las columelas y la interrupción de la sexina correspondiente a la sección de un colpo. Scale bar in all illustrations, 10 µm / escala gráfica en todas las ilustraciones, 10 µm.

Systematic palynology

Division MAGNOLIOPHYTA Cronquist, Takhtajan and Zimmerman 1966
Clase MAGNOLIOPSIDA Cronquist, Takhtajan and Zimmerman 1966
Order ROSALES Cronquist 1968
Family LEGUMINOSAE Adanson 1763
Subfamily MIMOSOIDEAE (R. Br.) De Candole Tribe Acacieae Bentham 1842

Genus Acaciapollenites Mildenhall 1972

1956. Polyadites Van der Hammen p. 78 (nomen nudum).

Type species. Acaciapollenites myriosporites (Cookson 1954) Mildenhall 1972.

Acaciapollenites acaciae sp. nov. Figures 2.A-D

1985. Polyadopollenites myriosporites Cookson; Lima et al., Brazil- Oligocene, pl. 5, fig. 22.
2001. Acaciapollenites myriosporites (Cookson) Mildenhall; Guler et al., Argentina, Neogene (Miocene - Pliocene), pl. 2, fig. 13.

Holotype. Slide P 34405, 43.5/103, England Finder references N48/2.
Repository. Palynological Collection, Departamento de Geología, Laboratorio de Palinología, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina.
Type locality. Cx-1 well (39º11´ S, 60º11´ W), offshore Colorado Basin, Argentina.
Type stratum. 200-530 m depth, Barranca Final Formation, Patagonia, Neogene.
Derivation of name. From Acacia subgenus Acacia, the species, of which have polyads with a closely similar morphology.
Diagnosis. Biconvex polyads, circular in outline with 16 anisopolar pollen grains, 8 central and 8 peripheral, syncolporate on the distal face (Y - shaped syncolpy in central and H - shaped in peripheral pollen grains).
Description. Polyads with 16 pollen grains syncolporate on quadrangular distal face. Colpi Y-shaped on central and H-shaped on peripheral pollen grains. Ora faintly distinctive, 3 or 4 in number, close to the equatorial ends of colpi, in subdistal, not angular position. Distal exine with irregular surface, tectate, supramicrorreticulate, collumelate, 2 µm or thicker; sexine twice as thick as the nexine.
Dimensions. Maximum polyad diameter: 30-33 µm; maximum diameter of central pollen grains: 12 µm; exine thickness: 1-2 µm (two specimens measured).
Botanical affinity. Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoidae, genus Acacia, subgenus Acacia. The genus Acacia has a pantropical distribution, it is widely represented in America and Africa where it is an important component of temperate to warm habitats with arid seasonality. Most species of the subgenus cannot resist successive frosts. Currently the north and central provinces of Argentina (32º S) are the southernmost geographical boundary of subgenus Acacia. The fossil polyads closely resemble those of modern A. curvifructa Burkart (figures 2.E-F), a characteristic constituent of the Paraguayan Chaco region (Burkart, 1952). The new pollen species shares some similarities with un-named Acacia polyads from Puerto Rico, illustrated but not described by Graham and Jarzen (1969), but it is only about half the size of the Puerto Rican polyads.

Discussion

Acacia is a and cosmopolitan genus, with more than 1200 species, it is divided into three subgenera (Vassal, 1972), these subdivisions are supported by pollen characteristics (Guinet 1964, 1990; Caccavari and Domé, 2000). The Acacia subgeneric differences in the pollen of Acacia species are valuable in fossil pollen identification and of significance in paleoenvironmental, paleobiogeographical, phylogenetic and systematic interpretations.
Acacia myriosporites from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) was recognized as Acacia pollen type II (Guinet 1964) by Barreda and Caccavari (1992), whom have extended the paleogeographical distribution of these species to the southern Argentina and suggested a warmer temperate region than now a days. This polyads type, typical for the recent species of the genus Phyllodineae which have grains with false furrows in quadrangular parasyncolpy on distal face and the exine does not have infratectal columella.
Cavagnetto and Guinet (1994) have recognized two different pollen fossil species of Acacia for the Lower Oligocene of northern Spain (see table 1), wich correspond to the subgenera Aculeiferum and Phyllodineae. These authors have considered the occurrence of these taxa as indicative of an abrupt drier climatic pulse and suggested their possible migration towards North America through the European continent.

Table 1. World Cenozoic record (oldest citation) of fossil polyads of the Acacia subgenera / registro mundial para el Cenozoico (primeras citas) de los subgéneros de Acacia

Caccavari (1996) in her re-evaluation of palynomorphs assigned to the Mimosoideae, has pointed out an important systematic diversity for South America and proposed that the Subfamily Mimosoideae would have an early diversification in the New World, including the occurrence of two different Acacia type.
The identification of A. acaciae sp. nov. extends the areal distribution of Acacia and supports the hypothesis that a considerable diversity and dispersal have occurred since the Oligocene (table 1); this is corroborated by the fossil records of three polyad types, representative of the three extant subgenera: Aculeiferum (Cavagnetto and Guinet, 1994), Phyllodineae (Cookson, 1954; Mildenhall, 1972; Martin, 1978; Barreda and Caccavari, 1992; Cavagnetto and Guinet, 1994) and Acaciae (Graham and Jarzen, 1969; Lima et al., 1985; the present contribution). This diversification since the Oligocene suggests an earlier origin of the genus.
The fossil pollen material from the Brazilian Oligocene (Lima et al., 1985) here re-assigned to the new species, suggests an even earlier occurrence of Acacia subgenus Acacia during the Eocene of Tropical America, possibly contemporaneous with Polyadopollenites vancampoi Salard-Cheboldaeff (Salard-Cheboldaeff, 1978) from Africa, especially since it shares an affinity with Acacia, although Caccavari (1996) considers the likeness to Acacia doubtful. The geographic distribution of Acacia subgenus Acacia during the Oligocene would be similar to the present distribution in Central America (Graham and Jarzen, 1969) to Brazil (Lima et al., 1985), extending to the southernmost latitudes during the Miocene and suggesting warmer and more arid climates during this period.
The sparse occurrence of extant species of A. subgenus Acacia in Africa, Asia and Australia was suggested by Vassal and Guinet (1972) to indicate a probable dispersion from Tropical America prior to the breakup of Gondwana. Nevertheless, we agreed with Macphail and Hill (2001) that the data are still insufficient to suggest dispersal routes for Acacia.
The morphological distinction of fossil pollen Acacia subgenera is today more significant. This is in accordance with the phylogenetic analysis of the Mimosoideae based on chloroplast DNA sequence data made by Luckow et al. (2003), whom have indicated the no monophyly of Acacia genus and the necessary abandonment of Bentham tribal classification. Acacia subgenus Acacia has been also considered as Acacia s.s. monophyletic group and has been segregated from others Acacia s.l. subgenera: Aculeiferum and Phyllodineae, which present a paraphylletic or monophyletic origin along with others Mimosoid genera. These conclusions would be supported by the present pollen data study.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their thanks to M. Quattrocchio for preliminary critical reading of the manuscript; M. Harley, V. Barreda and G. Del Fueyo for their helpful comments and suggestions and to G. Martínez for the photographic assistance. This work was partially funded by BID 1201/OC-AR PICT 07- 09659.

References

Anzótegui, L.M. and Garralla S.S. 1980. Estudio palinológico de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno superior) (Pozo Josefina, provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina). Facena 6: 101-178.
Barreda, V.D. and Caccavari, M.A. 1992. Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) occurrences in the Early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 94: 243- 252.
Burkart, A. 1952. Las Leguminosas Argentinas silvestres y cultivadas. In: Acme Agency, Buenos Aires, 569 pp.
Caccavari, M.A. 1996. Analysis of the South American fossil pollen record of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 94: 123-135.
Caccavari, M.A. and Anzótegui, L.M. 1987. Pollen de Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) de la Formación Ituzaingó, Plioceno superior de Corrientes, Argentina. 4º Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología, Bolivia, Actas 1: 443-458.
Caccavari, M.A. and Barreda, V.D. 2000. A new calymmate mimosoid polyad from the Miocene of Argentina. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 109: 197-203.
Caccavari, M.A. and Domé, E.A. 2000. An account of morphological and structural characterization of American Mimosoideae pollen. Part I: Tribe Acacieae. Palynology 24: 231-248.
Cavagnetto, C. and Guinet, P. 1994. Pollen fossile de Leguminosae- Mimosoideae dans l' Oligocene inferieur du bassin de l' Ebre (Espagne)- implications paleoclimatiques et paleogeographiques. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 81: 327-335.
Cookson, I.C. 1954. The Cenozoic occurrence of Acacia in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 2: 52-59.
Crepet, W.L. and Taylor, D.W. 1985. The diversification of the Leguminosae: first fossil evidence of the Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Science 228: 1087-1089.
Erdtman, G. 1960. The acetolysis method, a revised description. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 54: 561-564.
Graham, A. 1977. Studies in neotropical paleobotany. II. The Miocene communities of Veracruz, Mexico. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 781-842.
Graham, A. 1988. Studies in neotropical paleobotany. V. The lower Miocene communities of Panama- the Culebra Formation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 1440-1466.
Graham, A. 1991. Studies in neotropical paleobotany. IX. The Pliocene communities of Panama- Angiosperms (Dicots). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78: 201-223.
Graham, A. 1992. The current status of the Legume fossil record in the Caribbean Region. In: P.S. Herendeen and D.L. Dilcher (eds.), Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4. The Fossil Record, Kew, pp. 161-167.
Graham, A. and Dilcher, D. 1995. The Cenozoic record of tropical dry forest in northern Latin America and the southern United States. In: S.H. Bullock, H.A. Mooney and A. Medina (eds.), Seasonally dry tropical forests 6: 124-145.
Graham, A. and Jarzen, D.M. 1969. Studies in neotropical paleobotany. I. The Oligocene communities of Puerto Rico. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 56: 308-357.
Guerstein, G.R. and Junciel, G.L. 2001. Quistes de dinoflagelados del Cenozoico de la Cuenca del Colorado, Argentina. Ameghiniana 38: 299-316.
Guerstein, G.R., Williams, G.L. and Fensome, R.A. 2001. Cannosphaeropsis quattrocchiae, a new species of dinoflagellate cyst from the mid Cenozoic of the Colorado Basin, Argentina. Micropaleontology 47: 155-167.
Guinet, P. 1964. Donées nouvelles su le rôle de la morphologie du pollen dans la classification du genre Acacia. Compté Rendus de la Academie de Sciences de Paris 258: 4823-4825
Guinet, P. 1986. Geographic patterns of the main pollen characters in genus Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to subgenus Phyllodineae. In: S. Blackmore and I.K. Ferguson (eds.), Pollen and Spores, Form and Function. Linnean Society Symposium Series 12: 297-311.
Guinet, P. 1990. The genus Acacia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae): its affinities as borne out by its pollen characters. Plant Systematics and Evolution, Suppl. 5: 81-90.
Guinet, Ph. and Bessedik, M. 1986. Présence de genre Prosopis (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) a l'Aquitanien Basal dans l'aude (Languedoc-France). Pollen et Spores 26: 101-108.
Guinet, Ph. and Ferguson, I.K. 1989. Structure, evolution and biology of pollen in Leguminosae. In: C.H. Stirton and J.L. Zarucchi (eds.), Advances in Legume Biology. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis 29: 77-103.
Guinet, Ph. and Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. 1975. Grains de pollen du Tertiaire du Cameroun pouvant être rapportés aux Mimosacées. Boissiera 24: 21-28.
Guinet, Ph., El Sabrouty, N., Soliman, H.A. and Omran, A.M., 1987. Étude des caracteres du pollen des Legumineuses- Mimosoideae des sediments Tertiaires du Nord-Ouest de l' Egypte. Mémoires Travaux E.P.H.E., Institute de Montpellier 17: 159-171.
Guler, M.V., Guerstein, G.R. and Quattrocchio, M. 2001. Palinología del Neógeno de la perforación Cx-1, Cuenca del Colorado, Argentina. Revista Española de Micropaleontología 33: 183-204.
Lima, M.R. and Amador, E.S. 1985. Análise palinológica de sedimentos da Formaçao Resende. Terciário do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 8º Congresso Brasileiro de Paleontología 1983. MME-DNPM. Seçao Paleontología e Estratigrafía 2: 371-378.
Lima, M.R., Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. and Suguio, K. 1985. Étude palynologique de la Formation Tremembé, Tertiaire du Bassin de Taubaté, (état de Sao Paulo, Brasil) d'apres les échantillons du sondage Nº 42 du CNP. 8º Congreso Brasileiro de Paleontología 1983. MME-DNFM Seçao Paleontología e Estratigrafía 2: 379-393.
Luckow, M., Miller, J.T., Murphy, D.J. and Livshultz, T. 2003. A phylogenetic analysis of the Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast DNA sequence data. In: B.B. Klitgaard and A. Bruneau (eds.), Advances in Legume Systematics, part 10, Higher Level Systematics, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 197- 220.
Macphail, M.K. and Hill, R.S. 2001. Fossil record of Acacia in Australia: Eocene to Recent. In: A.E. Orchard (ed.), Flora of Australia. Vol. 11. Mimosaceae, Acacia part 1. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, pp. 13-29.
Martin, H.A. 1978. Evolution of the Australian flora and vegetation through the Tertiary: evidence from pollen. Alcheringa 2: 181-202.
Mildenhall, D.C. 1972. Fossil Pollen of Acacia Type from New Zealand. Journal of Botany 10: 485-94.
Mildenhall, D.C. and Pocknall, D.T. 1989. Miocene-Pleistocene spores and pollen from Central Otago, South Island, New Zeland. New Zeland Journal Geological Survey of Palaeontological Bulletin 59: 1-28.
Pedley, L. 1978. Revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. part I. Austrobaileya 1: 75-234.
Punt, W., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S. and Le Thomas, A. 1994. Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. LPP Contribution Series 1. LPP Foundation, Utrecht, 71 pp.
Salard-Cheboldaef, M. 1978. Sur la palynoflore Maestrichtienne et Tertiaire du bassin sédimentaire littoral du Cameroun. Pollen et Spores 20: 215-260.
Sole de Porta, N. 1961. Contribución al estudio palinológico del Terciario de Colombia. Boletín Geológico de la Universidad Industrial de Santander 7: 55-81.
Urien, C.M., Zambrano, J.J. and Martins, L.R. 1981. The basins of southeastern South America (southern Brazil, Uruguay and eastern Argentina) including the Malvinas Plateau and Southern South Atlantic paleogeographic evolution. In: W. Volkheimer and E.A. Musacchio (eds.), Cuencas sedimentarias del Jurásico y Cretácico de América del Sur; Comité Sudamericano del Jurásico y Cretácico 1: 45-125.
Van Der Hammen, Th. 1956. Nomenclatura palinológica sistemática. Boletín Geológico del Instituto Geológico Nacional de Colombia 4: 23-62.
Vassal, J. 1972. Apport des recherches ontógeniques et sémiologiques à l'étude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia. Bulletin de la Societé. d'Histoire naturelle, Toulouse 108: 125-247.
Vassal, J. and Guinet, Ph. 1972. Une Acacia Americaine pétiole diaphyllodinisé A. willardiana Rose. Adansonia 12: 421-428.        [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]         [ Links ]

Recibido: 11 de agosto de 2004.
Aceptado: 6 de octubre de 2005.

Creative Commons License Todo el contenido de esta revista, excepto dónde está identificado, está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons