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Darwiniana, nueva serie

versión impresa ISSN 0011-6793versión On-line ISSN 1850-1699

Darwiniana v.45 n.2 San Isidro ago./dic. 2007

 

Placentation patterns and seed number in fruits of South American Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) species

Franco E. Chiarini & Gloria E. Barboza

Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), casilla de correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; chiarini@imbiv.unc.edu.ar (author for correspondence).

Original recibido el 10 de agosto de 2007;
aceptado
el 2 de noviembre de 2007

Abstract. Chiarini, F. E. & G. E. Barboza. 2007. Placentation patterns and seed number in fruits of South American Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) species.
   Thirty-seven South American species representing seven sections of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum were analyzed. Andromonoecious as well as hermaphrodite species were considered. The length and width of their fruits was measured, and the number of seeds per fruit was counted. Medial cross sections of fresh, ripe fruits were observed with a stereoscopic microscope and illustrated. Six placentation patterns and three types of seeds were described. A relationship among seed number, fruit size, fruit color and sexual system was detected by means of statistical analysis. These results suggest that andromonoecy affects fruit size and placentation patterns, in order to contain a higher number of seeds per fruit.

Keywords. Andromonoecy; Leptostemonum; Placentation; Seed number; Solanum; South America.

Resumen. Chiarini, F. E. & G. E. Barboza. 2007. Patrones de placentación y número de semillas en frutos de especies sudamericanas de Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae).
   Se analizaron 37 especies sudamericanas pertenecientes a siete secciones de Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. Fueron consideradas tanto especies andromonoicas como hermafroditas. Se midió el ancho y el largo de sus frutos y se contó el número de semillas por fruto. Se estudiaron bajo lupa y se ilustraron cortes por la zona media de frutos frescos maduros. Se describieron seis patrones de placentación y tres tipos de semillas. Mediante análisis estadístico, se detectó una relación entre el número de semillas, el tamaño del fruto, el color del fruto y el sistema sexual. Estos resultados sugieren que la andromonoecia afecta al tamaño del fruto y su patrón de placentación, para contener un mayor número de semillas.

Palabras clave. Andromonoecia; Leptostemonum; Número de semillas; Placentación; Solanum; Sudamérica.

INTRODUCTION

   Solanum L. is one of the largest genera among Angiosperms, including about 1100-1400 species (Nee, 1999; Hunziker, 2001; Bohs, 2005) that grow in all kinds of habitats. The largest subgenus within Solanum is Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter, with ca. 450 species (Nee, 1999). This subgenus, with nine sections in South America, includes edible species of economic importance (S. melongena L., "Eggplant"; S. sessiliflorum Dunal, "Cocona" or "Cubiu"; S. quitoense Lam., "Naranjilla" or "Lulo"), and also weeds (S. viarum Dunal, "Tropical soda apple"; S. elaeagnifolium Cav., "Silverleaf nightshade"; S. sisymbriifolium Lam., "Sticky nightshade" or "Wild tomato"; S. rostratum Dunal, "Buffalo bur", "Bull thistle" or "Texas thistle").
   Several species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum have been studied due to their andromonoecy or functional dioecy (Wakhloo, 1975a, b; Anderson, 1979; Dulberger et al., 1981; Coleman & Coleman, 1982; Solomon, 1987; Anderson & Symon, 1989; Diggle, 1991, 1993). The andromonoecy has been linked with fruit type, and a correlation between fruit size and the degree of andromonoecy has been proposed for some species (Whalen & Costich, 1986). Recently, in a study that embraced five species of Solanum sect. Acanthophora and eight of sect. Lasiocarpa, Miller & Diggle (2007) demonstrated that fruit size is positively correlated with the proportion of staminate flowers produced within inflorescences. These authors concluded that andromonoecy is a mechanism to regulate allocation to female function (i.e., fruit production) independently of allocation to male function.
   Despite these suggestive previous works, detailed studies on fruit structure of subgenus Leptostemonum are rare. Only some scattered species have been studied (Miller, 1969; Dave et al., 1979; Dottori & Cosa, 1999, 2003), but a comprehensive analysis of the subgenus as a natural group is lacking. With regard to the placentation patterns, only general surveys for Solanaceae (Nee, 1986), and for the genus Solanum (Symon, 1987) are available. This is unfortunate, since the contributions of morphology and anatomy to systematics are widely known, so a study considering any fruit structure would be valuable for Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. The present work attempts to provide morpho-anatomical information in order for it to be used systematically, and as a contribution to understand the relationship between function and structure in South American species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. Our proposal is that placentation and seed number are influenced by the sexual system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

   We analyzed as many species as possible, trying to study at least one species of each section. Thirty seven wild species representing seven sections of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum were sampled (see appendix 1).
   Several phylogenetic approaches have being carried out by different authors (Bohs, 2005; Levin et al., 2005, 2006) in which informal infrageneric grouping (clades) have been defined within Solanum, and probably will be given a formal status (Nee et al., 2006). Meanwhile, we have arranged the species according to the last conventional taxonomic treatment (Nee, 1999) (Table 1). Samples of at least 10 fruits per species (of different individuals, when possible) were taken. The length and width of each fruit were measured with a Vernier calliper, and the number of seeds was counted. Averages of these measurements are detailed in Table 1. Medial cross sections of fresh, ripe fruits were observed in stereoscopic microscope preparations. Placentation patterns are based on these observations and are presented as sketches. Data about the sexual system of the species studied were taken from the literature, and from our own observations in the field (Table 1).

Table 1. Macroscopic and anatomical fruit features of the 37 species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum studied. Diameter is given when fruit is spherical, and length and width are given when fruit has another shape. Abbreviations:A, andromonoecious species; H, hermaphrodite species; NS, mean number of seeds per fruit.

   Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed in order to detect: a) differences in fruit size and seed number according to epidermis colours, b) differences in fruit size among andromonoecious and hermaphrodite species, and c) differences in seed number among andromonoecious and hermaphrodite species. A linear regression was also conducted to find out whether there is a relationship between fruit size and seeds number. Infostat (2001) was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS

   The mean size, color, placentation pattern of the fruits, and type and mean number of seeds for each species are summarized in Table 1. Most of the taxa have spherical fruits (i.e. width = length = diameter), with some exceptions like S. hieronymi, which has depressed spherical fruits, S. tenuispinum or S. aridum, with ovoid fruits, and S. mammosum with its anomalous, 3-5 basally lobed fruit.
   There are only two species with a hairy pericarp in mature fruits. In S. lycocarpum the hairs are stalked-stellate, while in S. robustum they are simple, non-glandular and 1-3-celled. At the early stages, S. quitoense and S. asperolanatum have a pubescent pericarp that turns glabrous at maturity. The remaining species analyzed are always glabrous.
   Mature fruits are of a single color. They can be red, orange or orange-red (e.g. S. capsicoides, S. sisymbriifolium), yellow (most of the species), black or brownish (S. mortonii), dark green (S. bolivianum), greenish yellow (S. platense) or greenish grey (S. comptum, S. euacanthum). In hairy-fruited species, the color is given by the hairs. The fruit of S. lycocarpum is greyish due to its hairs, but the epicarp underneath them is greenish. The same occurs with S. robustum, which has a yellow epidermis.
   In general, fruits are small to medium-sized, varying from 0.7 cm (S. consimile) to 4.2 cm (e.g. S. alternatopinnatum, S. aenictum) in diameter, with the exception of the large fruits of S. lycocarpum, which reach ca. 10 cm diameter. The Kruskal-Wallis test put in evidence significant differences (significance level 0.05, Table 2) in width among four colour types, namely, 1) yellow, 2) red, orange or orange-red, 3) brown, dark green or black, 4) greenish yellow or greenish grey. At the same time, andromonoecious species showed significantly larger fruits than the hermaphrodite ones (Table 2).

Table 2. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis tests.

   The number of seeds per fruit ranges from 27 (S. consimile) to ca. 370 (S. viarum), exceptionally many more in S. lycocarpum (up to 600) or in S. quitoense (ca. 1400) (Table 1). A significant correlation was found between fruit width and number of seeds (R2 = 0.32, p = 0.0003): the wider the fruit, the higher the number of seeds that it contains (Fig. 1). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicates that there are differences in seeds number among the four color types (significance level 0.05, Table 2), the higher mean (315.51) corresponding to yellow fruits. In addition, andromonoecious species have more seeds per fruit than hermaphrodite ones (Table 2).


Fig. 1. The relationship between fruit size and number of seeds per fruit in 36 species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. Data points are mean values for both variables for each species.

   Placentation patterns are presented as sketches in Figs. 2 and 3. All fruits show an axile placentation, the placentas growing from a bicarpellar gynoecium. In all species, a septum between the two carpels is present in the young fruit, but this septum may dissapear at some later stage as the fruit ripens. Exceptionally, all fruits of the only specimen of S. bolivianum analyzed are 3-carpellar (Fig. 2 S). Some fruits with three carpels were also found in S. quitoense and S. marginatum. There are several placentation patterns, and proliferation of the placentas into the locules may occur. Basically, six placentation patterns can be described: 1) bilocular fruit with normal placenta (S. aridum, S. juvenale, Fig. 2 R); 2) bilocular fruit with placentas divided into branches (S. scuticum, S. hieronymi, Fig. 2 H, L); 3) unilocular fruit, due to a septum degeneration, with a single placenta (S. tenuispinum, S. platense, Figs. 2 N, 3 B); 4) unilocular fruit, due to a septum degeneration, with the placentas divided into two erect lobes (e.g., S. viarum, S. aenictum, Fig. 2 M, 2 C); 5) tetralocular fruit, due to the presence of a false septum (S. bonariense, S. guaraniticum, S. lycocarpum, S. quitoense, Figs. 2 B, O, G, 3 F), in which each false locule has a placental branch; 6) fruits with more than 4 false irregular locules, due to false septa, in which the placentas are scarcely differentiated from the pericarp and packed with the seeds (S. variabile, S. consimile, Fig. 2 J, F). The formation of the 4 locules follows the descriptions of Goebel (1905) and Murray (1945).


Fig. 2. Placentation patterns in mature fruits of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. The pericarp, septa, placentas and seeds are indicated in white, and the locules, in black. A, S. elaeagnifolium. B, S. bonariense. C, S. atropurpureum.D, S. toldense. E, S. sisymbriifolium. F, S. variabile. G, S. paniculatum. H, S. scuticum. I, S. mortonii. J, S. consimile. K, S. euacanthum. L, S. hieronymi. M, S. viarum. N, S. tenuispinum. O, S. guaraniticum. P, S. incarceratum. Q, S.comptum. R, S. juvenale. S, S. bolivianum. The bar represents 1 cm; all pictures are on the same scale.


Fig. 3. Placentation patterns in mature fruits of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. The pericarp, septa, placentas and seeds are indicated in white, and the locules, in black. A, S. capsicoides. B, S. platense. C, S. aenictum. D, S. palinacanthum. E, S. mammosum. F, S. lycocarpum. G, S. quitoense. H, S. multispinum. I, S. urticans. J, S. alternatopinnatum. The bar represents 1 cm; all pictures are on the same scale.

   Seeds belong to three types: I. Winged, i.e., a strongly flattened seed, with the seed coat forming a prominent wing, 0.8-2 mm wide (e.g. S. platense, S. capsicoides, S. atropurpureum). II. Rimmed, i.e., a moderately flattened seed, with the seed coat thickened in the margin (e.g. S. homalospermum, S. comptum). III. Bulky, i.e., a slightly flattened or non-flattened lenticular seed, with the seed coat margin not thickened at all (e.g. S. palinacanthum, S. multispinum).

DISCUSSION

   Symon (1987), in his general survey of placentation in the genus Solanum, considered only eight South American species of subgen. Leptostemonum. We performed a wider study on South American species, defining precisely the different placentation patterns. In agreement with the data obtained by Nee (1986) and Symon (1987) in accessions of other parts of the world, our results show that, within Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum, there are diverse placentation patterns apart from the type usually described in Solanaceae (type 1).
   The anomalous increase in carpel number found in some individuals has already been noticed in other Solanum species, both in wild and in domesticated ones (Nee, 1986; Symon, 1987), perhaps as a response to pressure for higher seed production. However, the basic condition seems to be axile placentation with a simple septum (type 1), from which the other specialized patterns would have arisen, through different modifications and degrees of complexity of the placentas. On the one hand, unilocular fruits are produced through a separation of the placentas into two erect lobes, with a degeneration of both the septum and the link between the two lobes (type 4). This pattern occurs in other species of sect. Acanthophora and Melongena, as Symon (1987) has already pointed out. In other species with unilocular fruits, the placenta does not divide into two erect lobes, but forms a single spindle-shaped structure (type 3, e.g. S. incarceratum, S. platense, and S. tenuispinum). On the other hand, in bilocular fruits the placentas divide into two branches once. In S. scuticum there is a modification in this sense, this species being the one with the highest number of seeds per fruit in section Torva (Fig. 2 H). Nee (1986) had already noted that the division of the placentas allows an increased production of seeds around the periphery of the branches. Another specialized pattern (type 5) comes from bilocular fruits in which a complete division occurs in the placentas, which forms false septa and results in a 4-locular fruit. All patterns described up to now would be different ways of containing a high number of seeds per fruit. It should be noticed that species with the highest number of seeds are 4-locular or have placentas divided into branches (S. scuticum, S. lycocarpum, S. quitoense).
   As Nee (1986) mentioned, placentation patterns should be used with caution when establishing relationships, since they seem to respond quickly to selection constraints on the dispersal syndromes. Nevertheless, the placentation patterns here described may be useful to characterize each species and, in some regards, entire sections of the subgenus. For instance, in sect. Torva placentation patterns 5 or 6 prevail, the seeds being bulky and smooth in all cases. In sect. Acanthophora, placentation patterns 3 or 4 are present, and winged seeds were only found in some species of this section. Section Melongena is more variable since placentation patterns 1, 2, 3 and 5 were observed, and seeds can be bulky or rimmed, smooth or foveolate.
   Andromonoecious species tend to concentrate a high number of ovules in a few hermaphrodite flowers (Symon, 1979; Bertin, 1982; Whalen & Costich, 1986; Miller & Diggle, 2007); in consequence, they produce large fruits. In fact, our data on fruit size and its relationship with the sexual system are consistent with the conclusions of Miller & Diggle (2007), who demonstrated a correlation between fruit mass and strength of andromonoecy in species of Solanum sections Acanthophora and Lasiocarpa. Thus, andromonoecy would be an important factor influencing fruit features in Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. This sexual system is a convergent phenomenon, a homoplasic character that varies secondarily (Whalen, 1984) and appears and disappears within the Solanum clades or natural groups independently (Whalen and Costich, 1986; Levin et al., 2006). The big, manyseeded fruits would be a collateral effect of the andromonoecy strategy, but this sexual system does not affect other fruit traits, such as color or type of seeds. There are andromonoecious species with yellow or red fruits, and with winged or bulky seeds.
   Placentation would also be influenced by the sexual system: in several andromonoecious species, placentas divide and turn over, and septa disappear, in order to contain a higher number of seeds. The type of seeds does not seem to be related to any other fruit characteristic (fruit size, fruit color, number of seeds). As Nee (1991) has already reported, different kinds of seeds can be found in species of the same section, probably in response to environmental pressures. On their part, Levin et al. (2005) showed that, within sect. Acanthophora, species that share the same type of seed do not form a natural group.
   It is interesting to at least speculate about the means of dispersal of the species here studied, since number and type of seeds, color and especially, size, are important factors in determining the dispersal agents (Van der Pijl, 1982). On one hand, species with big, fleshy fruits (i.e. S. alternatopinnatum, S. robustum, S. lycocarpum, S. quitoense) would be adapted to be dispersed by large vertebrates, such as mammals or parrots. In fact, the comsumption of the fruits of S. lycocarpum by the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Canidae) is one of the few well documented cases of dispersion by large vertebrates in Solanum (Silva & Talamoni, 2003; Almeida Jácomo et al., 2004). On the other hand, big, indehiscent, spongy fruits with bulky seeds (i.e. S. mammosum, S. palinacanthum, S. viarum) are said to be dispersed by drain water after a rainstorm, the spongy tissue being an adaptation to flotation (Nee, 1979, 1991; Bryson & Byrd, 1994; Levin et al., 2005). In addition, Nee (1991) proposed a "shaker" mechanism as the dispersal syndrome for S. capsicoides and S. platense, species with apparently dehiscent, spongy fruits, and with winged seeds. Cipollini & Levey, (1997) and Cipollini et al. (2002) remark that large animals, like mammals, could actually feed on big spongy fruits, since they have a body size enough to tolerate the poisonous glycoalkaloids of these fruits.
   In general, brightly colored, few-seeded, juicy fruits that are less than 15 mm in diam., with a thin pericarp and bulky seeds, would be presumably ornithochorous (Van der Pijl, 1982). This would be the case of the majority of species of sect. Torva. In fact, consumption by bats and diurnal birds has been documented for S. granulosoleprosum Dunal (Cáceres & Moura, 2003), a species of subgen. Brevantherum that has similar habit, inflorescence structure, and external fruit appearance.
   In the same way, the soft, juicy, red and showy fruits of S. sisymbriifolium would be probably consumed by birds and another vertebrates (Von Reis Altschul, 1975). Although Solanum atropurpureum has also red fruits, in this case such color is combined with a slightly juicy mesocarp and winged seeds. Thus, Nee (1979, 1991) proposed epizoochory by birds as a dispersal mechanism for this species and for S. acerifolium Sendtn., a similar species, since their seeds do not resist the passage through the digestive system of birds.
   The indehiscent, small to medium sized, yellow fruits of S. juvenale, S. hieronymi and S. comptum would be also eaten either by birds or by terrestrial vertebrates. In addition, the fruits of S. juvenale would be attractive to consumers, since they have a pleasant odour (Parodi, 1930; our observations). Finally, some species (S. euacanthum, S. homalospermum, S. mortonii) develop the non-capsular dehiscent fruit type (Knapp, 2002; Chiarini & Barboza, in press). The pericap of these fruits cracks irregularly, and their color is dull and unattractive to predators or dispersers.
   In recent molecular studies, some species, like S. capsicoides and S. viarum, appear closely related (Levin et al., 2005), but differ notably regarding fruit traits. We tend to think that similarities and differences in fruit features, as placentation patterns, can be due to either ecological or physiological conditions, but are especially due to reproductive conditions, like andromonoecy. Thus, the sexual system would have played a very important role in the subgenus Leptostemonum evolutionary lineages, since it affects not only the reproductive biology of its species (reproductive success, fitness, sexual allocation, etc.), but also the morphology and anatomy (Chiarini & Barboza, sine data.).
   Finally, the comparison of our data on placentation and seeds number to the available molecular phylogenies (Bohs, 2005; Levin et al., 2005, 2006) suggests that, in some species, a significant morphological variation is not associated with significant changes in DNA sequences.

APPENDIX 1

Specimen examined

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina. Munic. Monte Castelo, 28º38'12''S, 50º15'06''W, 23-II-06, Barboza et al. 1617 (CORD).

Solanum aenictum C. V. Morton. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 7-I-2002, Chiarini 536 (CORD).

Solanum albidum Dunal. BOLIVIA. La Paz. Prov. Nor Yungas, 16º 13' 34'' S, 67º 47' 12''W, 25-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1833 (CORD); Prov. Sud Yungas, near Circuata, 27-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1853 (CORD).

Solanum alternatopinnatum Steud. ARGENTINA. Misiones. Depto. Iguazú, 29-V-1987, Subils & Moscone 4156 (CORD).

Solanum aridum Morong. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, 1-XII-1998, Chiarini 16 (CORD); Salta. Depto. Capital, 19-I-2002, Barboza 331 (CORD).

Solanum asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz. Prov. M. Caballero, from Comarapa to Laguna Verde, 30-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1902 (CORD).

Solanum atropurpureum Schrank. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 7-I-2002, Chiarini 531 (CORD); Depto. Goya, Arroyo Guazú, 29º 50'26''S, 59º 24'24''W, 3-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 355 (CORD).

Solanum bolivianum Rusby. BOLIVIA. La Paz. Prov. Inquisivi, from Quime to Inquisivi, 16º 57' 01'' S, 67º 11' 27''W, 28-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1856 (CORD).

Solanum bonariense L. ARGENTINA. Entre Ríos. Depto. Gualeguaychú, 33º39'28''S, 58º43'24''W, 28- VII-2005, Chiarini 640 (CORD).

Solanum capsicoides All. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Ituzaingó, Isla Apipé Grande, 4-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 394 (CORD); BRAZIL. Santa Catarina. Munic. Trombudo Central, 24-XI-2003, Mentz et al. 274 (CORD, ICN); Munic. Garuva, 24-II-2006, Barboza et al. 1623 (CORD); São Paulo. Munic. Salesópolis, from Salesópolis to Paraibuna, SP 077, km 108.5, 25-II-2006, Barboza et al. 1641 (CORD); Rio de Janeiro. Munic. Rio de Janeiro, Floresta de Tijuca, 15-VII-2003, Barboza et al. s.n. (GUA 48406).

Solanum comptum C. V. Morton. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Capital, near the airport, 13-V- 2004, Barboza et al. 999 (CORD); Depto. Capital, Perichón, 29º 24' 34'' S, 58º 45' 09'' W, 13-V-2004, Barboza et al. 1001 (CORD); Depto. San Cosme, 27º 18' 42'' S, 58º 29' 22'' W, 13-V-2004, Barboza et al. 1005 (CORD).

Solanum consimile C. V. Morton. BOLIVIA. Tarija. Prov. Arce, near Aguas Blancas, 30-IX-2001, Barboza et al. 279; Prov. Arce, La Mamora, 22º14' 59''S, 64º34' 55''W, 5-X-2001, Barboza et al. 307 (CORD).

Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Sobremonte, S. Francisco del Chañar, 9-XII- 2001, Chiarini 565 (CORD).

Solanum euacanthum Phil. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Sobremonte, 29º 46'06''S, 64º 34' 03''W, 28-II- 2002, Chiarini et al. 560, 563 (CORD); Neuquén. Depto. Collón Curá, 20-II-2005, Barboza et al. 1181 (CORD).

Solanum guaraniticum A. St.-Hil. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 7-I-2002, Chiarini 532 (CORD); Misiones. Depto. Capital, 27º23'29''S, 55º53'35''W, 7-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 404 (CORD); Depto. Gral. San Martín, 26º59'08''S, 54º41'36''W, 28- III-2004, Barboza et al. 922 (CORD).

Solanum hieronymi Kuntze. ARGENTINA. La Rioja. Depto. Chilecito, Puesto Las Trancas, 19-II-2003, Barboza et al. 569 (CORD); Córdoba. Depto. San Javier, Yacanto, 9-I-1996, Cosa 266 (CORD); Depto. Rio II, Colazo, 23-VI-1983, Hunziker et al. 3674 (CORD); San Luis. Depto. Chacabuco, Concarán, 17-II-1989, Hunziker et al. 25332 (CORD).

Solanum homalospermum Chiarini. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Sobremonte, 29°46'34'' S, 63°59'59'' W, 29-XI-2001, Chiarini 505 (CORD).

Solanum incarceratum Ruiz & Pav. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Itú, estrada Itú-Jundiaí, 25º 15'36''S, 47º 15'34''W, 29-VI-03, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1028).

Solanum juvenale Thell. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, 8-XII-2001, Chiarini 504 (CORD); La Pampa. Depto. Toay, 36º 38' 51'' S, 64º 22' 42''W, 19- II-2005, Barboza et al. 1173 (CORD).

Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Campinas, Fazenda Irazema, 22º48'31''S, 46º55'28''W, 28-VI-2003, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1031); from Queluz to Areias, Route SP 068, 22º 33' 42'' S, 44º 45' 48''W, 26-II-2006, Barboza et al. 1645 (CORD).

Solanum mammosum L. ECUADOR. Napo. XII-1995, Hunziker s.n. (CORD 1024).

Solanum marginatum L. f. CHILE. V Región. Laguna Verde, 33º 06' 32" S, 71º 39' 09" O, 8-II-2007, Chiapella et al. 1654 (CORD); SPAIN, Canary Islands, 15-VI- 2005, Oberti s.n. (CORD 1040).

Solanum mortonii Hunz. ARGENTINA. Catamarca. Depto. Capayán, 28º 41' 55' S, 66º 02' 53'' W, 23-II- 2003; Barboza et al. 633 (CORD); 28º 42' 23' S, 66º 01' 29''W, 23-II-2003, Barboza et al. 639 (CORD); 28º 34' 56' S, 65º 56' 07'' W, 23-II-2003, Barboza et al. 644 (CORD).

Solanum multispinum N. E. Brown. ARGENTINA. Formosa. Depto. Pilcomayo, Laguna Blanca, 25º 07'50''S, 58º 15' 57''W, 14-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 511 (CORD); Route 86, 25º 05'49''S, 51º 18'59''W, 14-XII- 2002, Barboza et al. 520 (CORD).

Solanum palinacanthum Dunal. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, 1-VI-2001, Chiarini 465 (CORD); Tucumán. Depto. Famaillá, 1-IV-1977, Hunziker et al. 23081 (CORD); PARAGUAY. Caaguazú. 25º 22'43''S, 56 00'42''W, 12-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 495 (CORD).

Solanum paniculatum L. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Campinas, Faz. São Martinho, Síncroton, 2-VII-2003, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1029); PARAGUAY. Caazapá. 26º 11'08''S, 56º 22'14''W, 13-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 500 (CORD).

Solanum aff. paniculatum L. ARGENTINA. Entre Ríos. Depto. Uruguay, Concepción del Uruguay, 28-VII- 2005, Chiarini & Marini 636 (CORD).

Solanum platense Dieckmann. ARGENTINA. Misiones. Depto. San Ignacio, arroyo Macaco, 7-XII- 2002, Barboza et al. 441 (CORD).

Solanum quitoense Lam. COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca. Bogotá, I-2005, Oberti s.n. (CORD 1079) Solanum robustum Wendl. ARGENTINA. Misiones. Depto. Iguazú, Wanda, 11-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 483 (CORD); Corrientes. Depto. Capital, Perichón, 29º 24'34''S, 58º 45'09''W, 5-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 379, 382 (CORD).

Solanum scuticum M. Nee. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Campinas, Souzas, 28-VI-2003, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1030); Munic. Salto, near Salto, 29-VI-2003, Barboza et al. s.n. (CORD 1065) ; Rio de Janeiro. Distrito Federal, 17-VII-2003, Barboza et al. 801 (CORD).

Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, XII-1998, Chiarini 27 (CORD); Salta. Depto. Rosario de Lerma, Corralito, 29-XII-1987, Novara 7363 (CORD).

Solanum tenuispinum Rusby. ARGENTINA. Salta. Depto. Santa Victoria, Baritú, 2-X-2001, Barboza et al. 292 (CORD); Depto. Rosario de Lerma, 24º 58' 15''S, 65º 35' 37''W, 6-III-2002, Negritto et al. 293 (CORD); Catamarca. Depto. Andalgalá, Río Chacras, 27º 23' 01' S, 65º 59' 29'' W, 23-II-2003, Barboza et al. 629 (CORD).

Solanum toldense Matesevach & Barboza. ARGENTINA. Salta. Depto. Santa Victoria, 22º 21' 53'' S, 64º 43' 20'' W, Barboza et al. 281 (MCNS, CORD); Depto. Santa Victoria, 29-XI-2004, Barboza et al. 1086 (CORD).

Solanum urticans Dunal. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz. Prov. Ichilo, 4 km SW of Buenavista, along the river Surutú, alt. 360 m, 1-V-2006, Barboza et al. 1915 (CORD). Solanum variabile Mart. BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul. Munic. S. Francisco de Paula, 29º19'31''S, 50º07'22''W, 23-XI-2003, Mentz et al. 266 (CORD, ICN)

Solanum viarum Dunal. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 6-I-2002, Chiarini 533, 537 and 538 (CORD); Depto. Ituzaingó, 14-V-2004, Barboza et al. 1006 (CORD); Misiones. Depto. Gral. Manuel Belgrano, 25º 42' 24'' S, 54º 5' 48''W, 30-XI-2003 Barboza et al. 819 (CORD).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank SECYT (Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina), Agencia Córdoba Ciencia S.E., and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil) for financial support, and the anomymous reviewers for the valuable comments on our manuscript.

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