BRIEF REPORT

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2016.04.004

First report of Toxocara cati in the domestic land snail Rumina decollata

Primer reporte de Toxocara cati en el caracol doméstico Rumina decollata

 

Natalia Cardillo^a,* , Cintia Gonzalez Prous^b, Silvio Krivokapich^b, Mariana Pittaro^a, Mariano Ercole^a, Matías Perez^a, Mariana Pasqualetti^a, Fernando Fariña^a, Adriana Rosa^a, Graciana Gatti^b, Mabel Ribicich^a

a. Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Av. Chorroarin 280, C.P. C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina
b. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Carlos G Malbrán", Argentina

Received 19 November 2015; accepted 15 April 2016
Available online 24 August 2016

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: ncardillo@fvet.uba.ar (N. Cardillo).

0325-7541/© 2016 Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 

---

Abstract

The prospective role of the land snail Rumina decollata as a potential paratenic host of Toxocara cati for domestic cats was studied. R. decollata specimens and cats’ feces were collected from the open spaces of a Buenos Aires city hospital. Cats’ feces were analyzed and snails were digested to identify T. cati stages, by morphological and molecular analyses. T. cati larval eggs were recovered from 23.5% (4/17) of the sampled feces. Twenty percent of snail pools (5/25) were confirmed to be positive for Toxocara spp. third larval stage (L3) by PCR. The mean value of total larvae recovered per gram of snail in all positive pools was 5.1, with a maximum 33 L3/pool. This is the first report of T. cati infective larvae in R. decollata domestic snail as a paratenic host, since the relationship between infection in snails and in cats’ feces could be demonstrated in a common environment.

Keywords

Toxocara cati; Rumina decollata; Paratenic host.

Resumen

Se estudió el rol prospectivo de Rumina decollata como potencial hospedador paraténico de Toxocara cati para los gatos domésticos. Se recolectaron caracoles R. decollata y heces de gatos de un hospital de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Se procesaron las heces y los caracoles fueron digeridos para identificar estadios de T. cati por análisis morfológico y molecular. El 23,5% (4/17) de las muestras de heces resultaron positivas a huevos larvados de T. cati. El 20% (5/25) de los pooles de caracoles fue positivo a larvas de tercer estadío (L3) de Toxocara spp. por PCR. El promedio de larvas totales recuperadas por gramo de caracol en todos los pooles positivos fue de 5.1, con un máximo de 33 L3/pool. Se trata del primer reporte de R. decollata como hospedador paraténico de T. cati, puesto que ha sido demostrada la infección en caracoles y gatos en un ambiente común.

Palabras clave

Toxocara cati; Rumina decollata; Hospedador paraténico.

---

 

Toxocara spp., the common roundworms of dogs and cats, produce eggs that are eliminated with their feces to the environment, which become a source of infection for paratenic hosts like mammals (including humans), birds and invertebrates⁴. Toxocara spp. larvae are able to migrate through the tissues of their hosts, and in man cause human Toxocariasis¹². In some countries there are cultural dietary preferences for raw or undercooked meat of paratenic hosts and it became a risk factor for acquiring the human disease. Most human infections are asymptomatic but the infection may lead in clinical syndromes known as visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM) and common or covert toxocariasis (CT)¹².

Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) is a pulmonate land snail native to southern Europe, northern Africa and western Asia, and it borders the Mediterranean Sea. In America, it was accidentally and intentionally introduced as biological control of the garden snail Helix aspersa². In Argentina, it has been recorded in urban areas of Buenos Aires, Mendoza and La Pampa provinces². The snail is omnivorous; they also prey upon other land snails, eggs, worms and insects and feed from decaying fresh vegetable and organic matter like animal faeces⁵.

This study was aimed at reporting the presence of T. cati in a stray cat population living in a public institution of Buenos Aires city and the evidence of infection in R. decollata snail, as potential paratenic host of the parasite in the same environment.

The study site was the open spaces of a public Hospital from the city of Buenos Aires, inhabited by a feline stray population. The general characteristics of the surrounding fences do not allow the entrance of dogs but permit cats’ access. Seventeen samples of cats’ feces were collected individually from the environment of the open spaces surrounding the buildings of this public Institution. They were stored at 4 °C before being processed. R. decollata snails were identified according to the descriptions of Dundee⁵, and 75 adult specimens were collected from the same environment and were kept in plastic bags².

Fifteen grams of each cat sample feces was weighted and processed by Benbrook's technique, with modification according to Dolcetti³, T. cati eggs were identified under optic microscope (10×), according to Sprent¹⁴ descriptions. R. decollata snails were processed in 25 pools of three adult snails each one, since its low weight made it difficult for individual processing. They were cleaned individually by brushing the foot and shell in order to remove free living nematodes attached or their eggs. Snails were killed by immersion in tepid water for 24 h; shells were removed and bodies were weighed, minced with scissors and processed by artificial digestion technique⁷. Each snail macerated pool was placed in an Erlenmeyer with the digestive fluid (per 1 g of snail tissue it was used 0.15 g, pepsin, 0.15 ml concentrated HCl and 15 ml tap water), incubated in a magnetic shaker (1000 g), for one hour, at 37 °C. Afterwards, the fluid of the digestion was filtered in a 500 μ mesh and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for three minutes. The supernatant was discharged and total larvae were counted under the light microscope (10×). Larvae were identified according to morphological characteristics described by Sprent¹⁴, like the anterior end with a mouth dorsally inclined and a spine-like cuticular thickening forms the ventral margin of a shallow buccal capsule¹⁴.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of larval DNA was carried out to confirm Toxocara spp. infection. DNA isolation and extraction was performed using lysis buffer and proteinase K for two hours at 65 °C. The PCR mixture (total volume of 25 μl) consisted of 2.5 μl of 5 μl of a single larvae preparation, 2.5 μl of 10× PCR Buffer, 0.2 μl of 2.5 mM each deoxynucleotide triphosphate, 2 U Taq polymerase and 1 μl (6.25 μM) of two pair of primers designed in silico by González Prous et al.⁸ (5′-ACGTATGCGTGAGCCG-3′ and 5′-GTGTTTTTGGTTTTTGGCG-3′). The bioinformatic analysis was performed using ITS-1 from ribosomal DNA from T. canis and T. cati obtained from the public database, GenBank. It has been designed in-silico primers in order to amplify a region that could, after sequencing, reveals species of Toxocara. Direct sequencing was performed on an automated Sequencer, using forward and reverse primers and the Big Dye Terminator kit from Applied Biosystems, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sequences were analyzed by alignment with reference sequences from Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm optimized for highly similar sequences (megablast) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, MD, USA) (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/).

DNA was amplified for 35 cycles, each cycle consisted of 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min at 55 °C, and 1 min at 72 °C. Previously to the first cycle and after the final cycle longer denaturation (3 min at 95 °C) and extension (10 min at 72 °C) steps were applied, respectively. Amplification products were visualized after electrophoresis on 2.5% agarose gel and visualized under an UV transiluminator after staining with ethidium bromide.

Prevalence of T. cati positive feces was calculated. Proportion of R. decollata positive pools and mean value of T. cati total larvae (L3) per gram and per pool of snail was reported. The estimation of the confidence intervals (CI) was created at the 95% confidence level. Statistical analysis was performed using InfoStat software.

T. cati larval eggs were recovered in 23.5% (4/17) of the cat sample feces collected. Most of R. decollata snails were found on buried feces (Fig. 1). Third T. cati larval stages (L3) were recovered from the 20% (5/25) of snails’ pools (Fig. 2). The mean value of T. cati total larvae per gram of snail recovered in total positive pools was 5.1 larvas (CI 95%: −2.5 to 12.7), Mean value of total L3/pool was 8.4 (CI 95%: −8.8 to 25.6), and the maximum was 33 L3/pool. There have been sequenced two amplicons of 297 bp in length (Fig. 3) from individual larvae that were deposited into the GenBank database under Accession Nos. KR337264 and KR337265. BLASTN searches against GenBank reference sequences for T. cati with a query cover of 100% displayed high degrees of similarities (100–98%). The DNA sequence GenBank Accession No KR337264 in study revealed the highest nucleotide identity to T. cati (100%, GenBank Accesión No. KJ777179; GenBank Accesión No. AB571303; GenBank Accesión No. AB110025; 99% , GenBank Accesión No. KJ777163; GenBank Accesión No. JF837172; GenBank Accesión No. AJ002436; 98%, GenBank Accesión No. AJ002437), whereas the nucleotide sequence GenBank Accession No KR337265 showed a slightly lower similarity to this Toxocara species (99%, GenBank Accesión No. KJ777179; GenBank Accesión No. AB571303; GenBank Accesión No. AB110025, GenBank Accesión No. KJ777163, GenBank Accesión No. JF837172, GenBank Accesión No. AJ002436; 98%, GenBank Accesión No. AJ002437).

Figure 1. R. decollata snails feeding on buried feces from the open spaces of a public hospital, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Figure 2. T. cati larva 3 obtained from digested snails collected from the open spaces of a public hospital, Autonomous city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The arrow shows the anterior end with a mouth dorsally inclined (45×).

Figure 3. DNA amplification of Toxocara spp. isolated from R. decollata snails by PCR on 2.5% agarose gel, using the pair of primers 5′-ACGTATGCGTGAGCCG-3′ and 5′-GTGTTTTTGGTTTTTGGCG-3′: lane 1: marker 50 bp; lane 2: negative control; lane 3–14: amplification of DNA from different isolated larvae, each lane corresponds to a single larva; lane 15: DNA from T. cati larvae isolated from cats feces, positive control.

In the city of Buenos Aires, there are free cats populations living in semi-wild conditions in public institutions which offer them shelter and protection¹³. The presence of T. cati (23.5%) in cats feces, confirmed that the life cycle of the parasite takes place in the area. Most of snails were found feeding on buried feces so coprophagus habits of R. decollata were confirm. It seems that feces provide food for snails and protective substrate for T. cati eggs by perpetuating the snail and parasite cycle in contaminated environments. These conditions would represent a risk for rodents and birds as paratenic hosts and also for cats. Dubinsky et al.⁴ reported the importance of earthworms and mice as natural reservoirs of Toxocara spp. larvae in nature, even more, as sentinels of environmental contamination, especially in urban areas, representing an important source of infection for hunter cats.

Sprent¹⁴ recovered T. cati larvae by experimental infection of earthworms and cockroaches. Mizgajska et al.¹⁰, obtained an 87% of earthworms, collected from urban gardens and courtyards, positive to Toxocara spp. eggs. Umeche et al.¹⁵ found Toxocara spp. eggs in domestic flies captured in Nigeria.

Human cases of toxocariasis acquired by eating raw snails were reported in Spain¹¹ and in Italy¹. In all cases, the snail species involved probably was H. aspers; since there is a popular belief in eating raw snails as a good treatment and prevention of gastric ulcer so it was traditionally medicinally used¹. Romeu et al.¹¹ suggested that the likely mechanism of transmission might have been the ingestion of Toxocara spp. eggs mechanically attached to snail bodies, eaten raw without a thorough cleaning.

Molecular identification revealed the highest nucleotide identity to T. cati (100–98%), and was coincident with that previously reported^6,9. Specific PCR assays were both sensitive and specific, and provide molecular tools for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys with species-specific primers designed, using the ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences for the identification and differentiation of dog and cat Toxocara species^6,9. The increase of cats’ populations which live in semi-wild conditions in urban areas without health care needs special attention from sanitary authorities. They may consider the role of these cats in the circulation of emerging pathogens and as reservoirs of other diseases, which include some zoonotic infections like toxocariasis. Moreover, it is necessary to improve epidemiological surveillance of ecological species such as R. decollata, which could become intermediate hosts of animals’ parasites and contribute to maintain them in the environment.

Ethical disclosures

Protection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

1. Caldera F, Burlone ME, Genchi C, Pirisi M, Bartoli E. Toxocara encephalitis presenting with autonomous nervous system involvement. Infection. 2013;41:691-4.         [ Links ]

2. De Francesco CG, Lagiglia H. A predatory land snail invades central-western Argentina. Biol Invasions. 2007;9:795-8.         [ Links ]

3. Dolcetti M. Modificación al método de Benbrook mediante la centrifugación doble con solución de azúcar para el examen mmicroscópico de las materias fecales de los animales domésticos. Rev C E Med. 1947;16:29-35.         [ Links ]

4. Dubinsky P, Havasiova-Reiterova K, Petko B, Hovorka I, Tomasovicova O. Role of small mammals in the epidemiology of toxocariasis. Parasitology. 1995;110:187-93.         [ Links ]

5. Dundee DS. Notes on the habits and anatomy of the introduced land snails, Rumina and Lamellaxis (Subulinidae). Nautilus. 1986;100:32-7.         [ Links ]

6. Fogt-Wyrwas RJ, Mizgajska-Wiktor H, Pacon J, Jarosz W. Variation between the ITS sequences of Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonine from different host species in southwestern Poland. J Helminthol. 2013;87:432-42.         [ Links ]

7. Gamble HR, Bessonov AS, Cuperlovic K, Gajadhar AA, Van Knapen F, Noeckler F, Schenone H, Zhu X. International Commission on Trichinellosis: recommendations on methods for the control of Trichinella in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption. Vet Parasitol. 2000;93: 393-408.         [ Links ]

8. González Prous CL, Gatti GM, Santillán G, Cabrera M, Guarnera E, Krivokapich SJ. Molecular differentiation of Toxocara cati and T. canis by PCR-RFLP of ITS-1 region. In: World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, 14th International Symposium. Abstracts book. 2009.         [ Links ]

9. Khademvatan S, Rahim F, Tavalla M, Abdizadeh R, Hashemitabar M. PCR-based molecular characterization of Toxocara spp. using feces of stray cats: a study from Southwest Iran. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:1-6.         [ Links ]

10. Mizgajska H, Rejmenciak A. Differentiation of eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati parasites of dog and cat. Wiad Parazytol. 1997;43:435-9.         [ Links ]

11. Romeu J, Roig J, Bada JL, Riera C, Muñoz C. Adult human toxocariasis acquired by eating raw snails. J Infect Dis. 1991;16:4-438.         [ Links ]

12. Rubinsky-Elenfant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto JH, Ferreira MU. Human Toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010;104:3-23.         [ Links ]

13. Sommerfelt IE, Cardillo N, López C, Ribicich M, Gallo C, Franco A. Prevalence of Toxocara cati and other parasites in cats’ faeces collected from the open spaces of public institutions: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vet Parasitol. 2006;140: 296-301.

14. Sprent JFA. Life history and development of Toxocara cati (Schrank 1788) in the domestic cat. Parasitology. 1956;46: 54-78.         [ Links ]

15. Umeche N, Mandah LE. Musca domestica as carrier of intestinal helminths in Calabor, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 1989;66: 349-52.         [ Links ]