ARTICULO

Update of Geological Risk Mapping of the Mutange District in the Municipality of Maceió - AL, Brazil

ACTUALIZACIÓN DEL MAPEO DE RIESGOS GEOLÓGICOS DEL DISTRITO DE MUTANGE EN EL MUNICIPIO DE MACEIÓ - AL, BRASIL.

 

Juciela Cristina DOS SANTOS¹, Regla TOUJAGUEZ², Betânia QUEIROZ SILVA³ y Luciana Maria DA SILVA⁴

^1,2) Center of Agrarian Sciences. Federal University of Alagoas, BR 104, Km 85, s/n. Postal Code. 57.100-000. Rio Largo, Alagoas – Brazil. e-mail: juciela.santos@ceca.ufal.br - e-mail: toujague@yahoo.com
³⁾ Federal Institute of Pernambuco. Open University of Brazil – UAB Center Pole, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. e-mail: bethqueiroz@gmail.com
⁴⁾ Postgraduate Program in Geodetic Sciences, Department of Geomatics. Federal University of Paraná. Curitiba, Paraná – Brazil. e-mail: lumasilva15@gmail.com

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Resumen: El municipio de Maceió - AL, Brasil realizó, en el año 2007, el Plano Municipal de Reducción de Riesgos (PMRR) con el objetivo de identificar áreas susceptibles a erosión y a deslizamientos, gracias al incentivo del Ministerio de las Ciudades, que desde el 2003 viene implementando una política nacional de reducción de riesgos en asentamientos informales. La población se establece en cortes realizados en pendientes de alta declividad, con suelos formados a partir de rocas sedimentares. Susceptibles a sufrir erosión acelerada y deslizamientos, durante las lluvias. Estos elementos potencializaron el interés en escoger el barrio Mutange para este trabajo. Por lo tanto, monitorar la ocupación poblacional en esas áreas es un elemento importante para prevenir riesgos así como también, para evaluar la vulnerabilidad de casas que se encuentran en la cima o base de laderas y en pendientes cortadas. De esa forma, este trabajo presenta un proyecto piloto de actualización del mapeamiento de riesgo geológico del área conocida como Grota da Borracheira en el Barrio Mutange en Maceió/Alagoas. En la metodología de trabajo fueron utilizados, una ficha catastral para recoger informaciones sobre las familias y también, sobre las condiciones de las casas; el Modelo Digital del Terreno (MDT) y el catastro territorial con el código de cada domicílio y familia que reside en esa área. Con toda la información catastral levantada fué creado un Sistema de Informaciones Geográficas. La actualización de este catastro permitió identificar, de forma más precisa, el número de casas en el barrio, pues el cálculo realizado anteriormente por el PMRR fué a partir del número de tejados vistos en las fotografías aéreas. Los resultados permitieron diseñar un nuevo zoneamiento de las categorías de riesgo en el área catastrada. La identificación de los domicilios más afectados y de las habitaciones que ya se derrumbaron. Los mapas que fueron generados y las informaciones vinculadas a estos, constituyen herramientas de gestión esenciales para la Defensa Civil de Maceió, para la identificación y prevención de riesgos, así como también para posteriores estudios direccionados a identificar soluciones para la contención de las laderas que presentan un riesgo más alto.

Palabras clave: Riesgo Geológico. Mapeamiento. Catastro Territorial. Gestión del Territorio.

Abstract: The city of Maceió - AL, Brazil, performed in 2007, the Municipal Plan for Risk Reduction (MPRR) in order to identify areas susceptible to erosion and landslides in the city, owing to incentives of the Cities Mi-nistry, which has been implementing since 2003 a risk reduction national policy in precarious settlements. The occupation is associated to hillside with high slope in developed soils from sedimentary rocks, susceptible to accelerated erosion and landslide in the rainy season. These elements potentiated the choice of the Mutange neighborhood for this research. The monitoring of the occupation of those areas is a substantial factor in the prevention of risks as well as in the analysis of the vulnerability of dwellings that are in tops or bases of hillside and slopes. Thus, this work presents a pilot project to update the geological risk mapping of the area known as Grota da Borracheira in the Mutange neighborhood in Maceió / Alagoas. In the methodological sketch were used residences and family records, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and the territorial registration with the codification of all the households and the families residing in that area. Thus, a geographic information system was created with all the cadastral information. The cadastral Update allowed a more precise identification of the dwelling numbers, since the count carried out by the PMRR was done through roofis restored from the aerial photographs. The results brought a new zoning of the risk categories in the registered area. Besides, the Identification of the most affected house-holds and dwellings that have already collapsed. The maps generated and the information related to them constitute essential management tools for the Maceió Civil Defense in the identification and prevention of risks as well as for further studies that identify solutions to contain the slopes that present the greatest risk.

Key words: Geological risk. Mapping. Territorial Cadaster. Territorial Administration.

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Introduction

From 1950 on, it is verifed in Brazil an accelerated growth in urban areas, causing a disorderly urbanization process and numerous socio-environmental problems for the resident population in those places. With that, the so-cio-spatial segregation on cities was accentua-ted (IBGE 2000; Reckiegel and Robaina, 2005). This process entailed problems due to the cities lack of infrastructure by receiving a large num-ber of people and new social demands (Sánchez, 2010).

The population growth acceleration in urban areas associated with a lack of planning causes social and environmental problems (No-vack and Kux, 2010). These stand out: traffic congestion, garbage accumulation, air pollution, foods (Amaral and Ribeiro, 2009), accelerated erosion and sliding (Tominaga et al., 2015), lack of water or space and irregular occupations that are the subnormal settlements. These are usually occupied by the low-income population and proliferate in areas frequently of environ-mental protection (Gonçalves et al., 2013) or, subject to geological risk (Reckiegel and Robai-na, 2005). Multiplying this way, neighborhoods with deficient infrastructure, housing located in areas of risk and in natural systems (Bandeira and Coutinho, 2008).

Due to the population dynamics and the constant changes in the subnormal settlements, it is essential to update the mapping of these areas to quantify the population growth and to evaluate the progress of the degradation of the physical environment. Therefore, the mapping of risk areas is an important aid tool in urban planning (Teixeira and Heller, 2005). By locating inadequate points for residency, with evidence of destructive soil processes such as erosion and landslides, and suggesting their environmental recovery (Hapke and Plant, 2010). Additionally, the mapping allows to estimate the geological risk of the area from the product between the danger (destructive process, in this case) and the vulnerability (degree of exposure to the des-tructive process) that is calculated from damage to people and buildings due to exposure to dan-ger (Dias, 2010).

Some literatures use the concepts of risk and geological risk with the same definition, but in this research will be approached the definition presented by Carvalho (2004) and Parizzi (2014), being defined the risk as any form of threat (= danger) to which people and proper-ties may be exposed. In return, geological risks are those that involve events or geological processes, natural or induced by anthropic action. According to Cerri and Amaral (1998), geological risk may or may not generate losses and damages. When there are losses and damages it is called an accident. In return, when there are not, it is considered an event.

In the last decades Brazil has experienced significant advances in relation to the management of environmental risks. This is due to the mass movements that happen in almost all the large Brazilian metropolis and involve los-ses of assets, infrastructure and fatal victims (Bandeira et al., 2009). At the beginning of the 21^st century, the management of risk develop-ment in Brazil began with the creation of the Ministry of Cities in the National Secretary of Urban Programs, which support and subsidize the municipal programs of Risk Reduction and Eradication (Nogueira et al., 2013). The munici-palities must use the subsidies for training and elaboration of the PMRR, execution of wor-ks and contention of hillside. Especially those with exposed soil, affected by sliding on urban slopes (Cerri and Nogueira, 2012). These are due to population growth and disordered occu-pation (Schuster and Highland, 2007).

To monitor erosive processes and mass movements three aspects are indispensable: their spatial location and area of coverage, and the identification of the type of geological process that has occurred. Only from this in-formation on it will be possible to implement preventive and rectifying measures to mitigate damages, or avoid disasters. In the location and dimensioning of these processes, the use of geoprocessing methodologies and the spatial modeling of these data, associated, for exam-ple, to population register, incorporated into Geographic Information Systems - GIS, has been contributed significantly, anticipating the decision making of territorial management bo-dies, such as Civil Defense.

GIS is intrinsically related to spatially referenced databases. These, in turn, become responsible for storing large amounts of infor-mation, both alphanumeric and vector. In this sense, Lima and Brandalize (2015) indicate that the integration of the GIS platform with the Multipurpose Territorial Cadastre - MTC gene-rates a fundamental tool for the management of decisions regarding the socioeconomic plan-ning and development of cities. Its peculiarities make it indispensable for the quantification, qualification and localization of environmental problems of a given region.

In 2009, the Ministry of Cities published

Regulation 511, which provides guidelines for the creation, institution and updating of Mul-tipurpose Territorial Cadastre (MTC) in Brazil. Normatizing the urban and rural cadastral sur-veys in the country as a base tool for land use and occupation planning in the municipalities. By effectively guiding the management of the city halls public administration.

Unlike its initial use in Brazil, only for tax purposes, omitting the territorial cadastre as a whole by excluding peripheral areas and irregular occupation; The current cadastre in Brazil considers economic, physical, legal, envi-ronmental and social aspects per land division (Santos, 2013). Linking also the people who in-habit it. Hence its importance in the identifica-tion of geological risk areas. The MTC allows to identify areas with desirable occupation of urban land, as well as areas with irregular oc-cupation. Given this potential, it was chosen as the base methodology of this study (Águila and Erba, 2007; Cunha and Erba, 2010).

The object of this survey is located in Maceió, more precisely in the Mutange neigh-borhood. This choice is justifed because the neighborhood is in a peripheral area of irregular occupation. In this way, it has a strong occupation dynamics, characterized by great concentration of housing, high slope and irre-gularities in buildings. These factors prevent the use of orthorectification of aerial photo-graphs and / or images captured by orbital sen-sors to be effective in accurately identifying the number of dwellings in each area, making not possible to use them for the needs of the study. It is worth mentioning that in its scope there is the presence of known grottoes, deep gullies or gullies - high declivity slopes with soil exposed to strong erosion processes during rains. Lack of planning becomes more visible. Therefore, the environmentally unstable areas are reserved for the needy Maceioense population.

Material and methods

The registration information collected in the frst part of the Mutange neighborhood (1/3 of the pilot study area) was organized and recovered. And high resolution satellite images were added. Maps of location, cadastral, sec-toral and MDT for better interpretation of the study area were built.

In a frst step, the bibliographic data of the Mundaú Lagoon risk complex (Mundaú Ri-ver hydrographic basin), where the study area was inserted, was obtained from the PMRR (2007). Next, the cadastral bulletin was drawn up and data collection activities were started in the feld, which were essential for the division of the area into subareas. Finally the data for the preparation of the maps were organized.

Following are details of the study área and materials and methods used.

General aspects of the study área

The city of Maceió is the capital of the State of Alagoas, Brazil and extends between the parallels 09°21'31 and 09°42'49 south lati-tude and the meridians 35°33'56 "and 35° 38'36 west longitude. It presents a tropical-humid cli-mate with an average annual precipitation of 2,167.7mm, with approximately 60% of the precipitation of the whole year being concentrated between the months of April to July.

Figure 1. Location of Subarea 01 of the Mutange District, belonging to the municipality of Maceió-AL. / Figura 1. Localización de la Subárea 01 en el barrio Mutange, municipio Maceió-AL.

 

The geology is marked by the infuence of the Barreiras Formation (Tertiary), compo-sed by the alternation of argillites, siltstones and arenites and sandy-clay soils to sandy ones (Araújo et al., 2010; Soares and Toujaguez, 2015). In view of the points presented, the study area is the Mutange neighborhood lo-cated in the urban perimeter of Maceió, def-ned by municipal law 4953 on January 6, 2000, amending law No. 4,687/98. Being this a recent neighborhood in its definition, but when it comes to occupation the neighborhood is one of the oldest, being located at the banks of Mundaú Lagoon, it has been occupied mainly by fishermen's colony , who extracted from the Lagoon their sustenance. This presents areas of geological risk being one of the most wo-rrying areas for Civil Defense in Maceió - AL. Figure 1 presents a location map of the state of Alagoas in Brazil, the expansion of the state and in particular the study area of the Mutange neighborhood.

Field cadastral survey

In order to speed up the effectiveness of feld registration activities, the risk area of the Mutange neighborhood was divided into four sub-areas, starting the activities from subarea 01, the target of this research, highlighted in figure 1.

Afiter subdivisions of the area, the registration step was initially with the development of the Cadastral Bulletin. It was developed starting from two models, one from the Technological Research Institute (TRI), which contained specific and detailed data for the cadaster of dwellings near slope, and another one based on the premises of the Multipurpose Territorial.

Cadastre of the Municipality of Arapira-ca (Santos, 2013).

The Registration Bulletin was prepared to obtain the following information:

. Social: Number of people living in the area, income and age group.

. Housing: Type of occupancy; Structure, housing risk, need for removal etc.

.  Infrastructure: Basic sanitation (piped water, sewage collection and treatment), mainly in relation to wastewater.

.  Aspect of the slope: as to the height, slope, presence of vegetation or wastewater.

In order to assist the residents in regis-tering the position of the residence with respect to the base or top of the slope (when it is present), a figure was inserted in the bulletin showing the possible proximity and slope rela-tions of the dwelling (figure 2).

The house-to-house registration was carried out, placing in the dwellings an identification code following the precepts of Regulation 511/09, in the card and in the map, so that later it was possible to identify them and to associate the collected information to its geometry through a Geographical Information System (GIS). Figure 3 presents a map of subarea 01 containing the codes of all identifed buildings; it is emphasized that this process will be applied to the other subareas.

For a better analysis of the characteristics and vulnerability of the study area, the DTM was generated from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) with 1 arc second (30 meters), obtained from the USGS page (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/).

 

Results

By registering the subarea 01, the Risk Map contained in the Municipal Risk Reduction Plan (PMRR) carried out in 2007, was taken as basis, where all existing buildings had been identifed. As the dynamics of areas of occu-pation tend to be accentuated, without effective supervision by the competent tax authorities,

then it is common that changes have occurred and only with the identification of all dwellings through a detailed cadastre, these changes can be identifed.

The cadastral survey allowed updating the number of dwellings in subarea 1, indicating the total existence of 446 dwellings, of which 71 dwellings were not included in the identification of the PMRR, as shown in figure 4.

Figure 3. Identification of the dwellings in Subarea 01 of the Mutange District. / Figura 3. Identificación de las casas en la Subárea 01 del barrio Mutange.

 

As shown in figure 4, the cadastre made in the area contributed to the PMRR having the database updated in relation to the number of dwellings. This information is of extreme inte-rest to COMDEC managers during the rainy season as emphasized by Lima and Brandalize (2015). With current information on the most vulnerable and, therefore, priority points for the removal of people, it is possible to optimize geological risk management and avoid possible disasters (Bandeira et al., 2009). The study also confrmed in the Mutange, growing disordered occupation between 2007 and 2016 (Novack and Kux, 2010). Which was only speculative in formation, not confrmed. The cadastral survey also allowed us to relate the dynamics of the neighborhood to the processes of accelerated erosion and landslides in subarea 1.

Figure 4. Update of the dwelling numbers in the PMRR database. / Figura 4. Actualización del número de casas en el banco de datos del PMRR.

 

Figure 5. Updating of building conditions. / Figura 5. Actualización del censo sobre condiciones de las casas.

At the bottom of buildings with numbers 167 to 170 (figure 3), a cut slope with exposed soil, identifed as slope 1 in previous studies (Soares and Toujaguez, 2015) is found. Being the erosive feature of larger dimension in subarea 1, with height of 10 m and width of 9.70 m, with soil characterized as clayey sand. Above this feature, from the figures 4 and 5 it is observed that there were demolitions, but also, new buildings were built. These works may have contributed to the sum of the stresses exerted on the soil at the top of the slope (in addition to slope and rainwater discharge directly on the slope), faci-litating the loss of cohesion between the sandy soil particles at the top of the slope 1. Even during the dry season, however, facilitating the erosive action of rain during the winter.

 

198260 Figure 6. DTM from subarea 01 of the Mutange District. / Figura 6. MDT de la Subárea 01 en el Barrio Mutange.

 

When there is the largest record of lands-lides in the area and, therefore, the period of greatest geological risk (Parizzi, 2014).

The identification of abandoned buildings, ruining or that already collapsed was also carried out. In some situations it was still possible to see traces of building materials in the place where buildings existed and reports of residents confrming the situation, 13 houses were identifed in this state, as shown in figure 5.

It is observed in figure 5 that due to the lack of infrastructure in the area some residents had to move to other locations. Due to the oc-currence of adverse events and/or suggestion of COMDEC due to the destruction of the re-sidences. Mainly due to slides afiter accelerated erosion generated by heavy rains as happened in 2010. Although, from the cadastre data, it was observed that during visits that the population prefers to remain in the place, tied to their roots, even knowing that exposure to danger may bring damage to health and material losses (Cerri and Amaral, 1998).

 

Figure 7. Risk zoning area of subarea 01 of Mutange district. / Figura 7. Actual Zoneamiento de riesgos en la Subárea 01 del Barrio Mutange.

 

Another way to analyze the subarea 1 behavior was by the DTM creation. It was fundamental to represent the altimetry variability as shown in figure 6.

Based on the data collected from the cadaster and the generation of the MDT, as well as the database update, it was possible to produce a pro-posal for a new risk zoning of subarea 01, which was divided into 4 zones, as shown in figure 7.

It is observed in figure 7, 4 zone classifications: very high risk, high risk, medium risk and low risk. For the classification of the area the following criteria were observed:

Very high risk zone - Areas near water bodies, very inhabited, with demolished houses, dwellings at the top or base of slopes, hill with inclination angle equal or greater than 90º, areas susceptible to many mass gravitational move-ments and foods.

High risk zone - areas slightly distant from water bodies, inhabited, areas slightly distant from the top and base of slopes, hill with inclina-tion angle between 59º and 90º, areas susceptible to mass gravitational movements and foods.

Medium risk zone - areas away from water bodies, ordered dwellings, areas slightly distant from the top and base of slopes, hill with inclina-tion angle between 29º and 60º, areas susceptible to few mass gravitational movements and foods.

Low risk area - areas distant from water bodies, orderly dwellings, areas well-spaced from top and bottom slopes, hill with inclination an-gle less than 30º, areas that are not susceptible to mass gravitational movements and foods.

Additionally, from figure 7 it was observed that occupation monitoring of these areas is im-portant for risk prevention, as well as geological risk. Another important factor is the analysis of the vulnerability of dwellings that are in topo or base of slopes and cut embankments.

Conclusions

The Multipurpose Territorial Cadaster (MTC) used in geological risk mapping (Águila and Erba, 2007; Cunha and Erba, 2010) was shown to be effective for surveying cadastral data and generating DTM. It made possible the analysis of the risks that the inhabitants in the area find, as well as the geological risk that the area presents. It is worth noting that this metho-dology can be applied in the other sub-areas of the Mutange district, since the risk zoning was initially applied only to subarea 01, as it can be used in other areas that present the characteris-tics identifed in the zoning map of risk.

The maps generated in this work can be used to update the geological risk mapping with the PMRR, allowing better monitoring of the area, as well as other areas that present risks.

From the results generated it is possible to update the data of dwellings, numbers of people, infrastructure, among others. In addition, it is possible to evaluate the susceptibility of the area with the feld data of the surveyed cadaster and with the maps generated.

For future work it is recommended the development of geotechnical charts and ero-sion susceptibility charts, mass gravitational movements and foods, the continuation of this methodology throughout the area of the Mutange. It emphasizes the need for urgent in-tervention in slope 1 with vegetation cover and discipline of the storm drains around and at the base of the slope.

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Recibido: 07 de Noviembre del 2016 Aceptado: 17 de Marzo del 2017