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Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana

versión On-line ISSN 1852-4834

Acta odontol. latinoam. vol.25 no.2 Buenos Aires oct. 2012

 

ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

Prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children seeking dental care at the schools of dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and University of La República (Uruguay)

 

Ana M. Biondi1, María del C. López Jordi2, Silvina G. Cortese1, Licet Álvarez2, Inés Salveraglio2, Andrea M. Ortolani1

1 Department of Comprehensive Children's Dentistry. School of Dentistry. University of Buenos Aires (UBA).
2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry. School of Dentistry. University of La República (UdelaR).

CORRESPONDENCE Ana Maria Biondi MT de Alvear 2142 Piso 15 CABA - Argentina pediat@odon.uba.ar


ABSTRACT

The objectives of this study are to compare the prevalence of MIH in children seeking dental care spontaneously at the Department of Comprehensive Children's Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA) and Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the University of La Republica (UdelaR) and to analyze the distribution according to year of birth, sex, age, number of affected teeth and maximum degree of severity in molars and incisors. During 2010, nine pediatric dentists from both schools (Kappa = 0.94) assessed all children born between 1993 and 2003 whose 4 first molars and 8 permanent incisors had erupted. Specially designed charts were used to record sex, year of birth, institution, presence of MIH, number of affected incisors and molars and maximum degree of severity for each tooth. Two groups were formed: UBA: A (n = 512) and UdelaR: B (n = 463). Results: 975 children (11.6 ± 2.67 years) were evaluated. The prevalence of MIH in the total sample was 6.56%, without significant differences between A and B (p = 0.76). There was no significant difference between groups regarding age (p = 0. 95) or sex (p = 0.30). A significant increase was found in both institutions according to year of birth during the study period. (A: p = 0.0017) B: p = 0. 0058). Conclusions: The results of this study show a similar prevalence of MIH among patients seeking dental care at the Schools of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and University of la Republica (Uruguay). No significant difference was found comparing the distribution by sex, affected teeth or severity of each tooth. A highly significant positive correlation was found regarding the year of birth. The relevance of MIH as an emerging pathology requires studies on larger samples covering the entire countries.

Keywords: Molar-incisor hypomineralization; Prevalence.

RESUMEN

Prevalencia de hipomineralización molar-incisiva (HMI) en niños que demandan asistencia odontológica en las Facultades de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y de la Universidad de La República (Uruguay)

Los datos sobre prevalencia de MIH en Latinoamerica son escasos. Los objetivos de este trabajo son comparar la prevalencia de MIH en ninos que demandaron atencion en las Catedras de Odontologia Integral Ninos de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (FOUBA) y de Odontopediatria de la Universidad de la Republica (UdelaR) y analizar en ambas unidades academicas la distribucion segun la variable ano de nacimiento, sexo, edad, numero de piezas afectadas y maxima severidad en molares e incisivos. 9 docentes de ambas facultades (Kappa= 0.94) evaluaron durante el periodo lectivo del ano 2010 a todos los ninos nacidos entre 1993 y 2003 que presentaban erupcionados los 4 primeros molares y los 8 incisivos permanentes y que concurrieron espontaneamente a ambas unidades academicas para su atencion odontologica integral. Despues de una profilaxis, las piezas fueron clinicamente evaluadas con luz del foco, previamente secadas, registrando en planillas disenadas para tal fin, sexo, ano de nacimiento, institucion de pertenencia, presencia de MIH, numero de incisivos y molares afectados y maximo grado de severidad. La severidad se cuantifico a traves de su aspecto en: Normal (0), Blanco crema (1), Amarillo marron (2) y Perdida de esmalte (3). Se conformaron dos grupos: UBA: A (n=512) y UdelaR: B (n=463). Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados estadisticamente utilizando porcentajes con sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza del 95% para la descripcion de la prevalencia y otras variables cualitativas; Test Exacto de Fisher para la comparacion de las proporciones y Test de Welch para la comparacion de las edades. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 975 ninos, edad media: 11.6 ± 2,67 anos. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en relacion a las variables edad (p=0.95) y sexo (p=0.30). La prevalencia de MIH del total de la muestra fue de 6.56%, sin diferencias significativas entre A y B (p= 0.76). En los pacientes con MIH se encontraron afectados el 58.59% de los molares, y el 25.39% de los incisivos sin diferencias entre los valores hallados en ambos grupos (p=1 y p=0.76). En relacion a la severidad de las lesiones, el 12.66% de los molares y el 1.54% de los incisivos afectados, presentaban lesiones de grado 3, con perdida de esmalte sin diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos (p=0.71 y 0.72 respectivamente). En relacion al ano de nacimiento se observo una correlacion positiva y altamente significativa en ambas instituciones (A: p=0.0017; B: p=0.0058). Conclusiones: En este estudio los resultados muestran una prevalencia de MIH similar entre los pacientes que demandaron atencion en las Facultades de Odontologia de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y de la Universidad de la Republica (Uruguay). No se encontraron diferencias significativas al comparar la distribucion por sexo, piezas dentarias afectadas o severidad de las lesiones pero si una correlacion positiva y altamente significativa en relacion al ano de nacimiento. La relevancia de MIH como patologia emergente hace necesario estudios con muestras poblaciones mayores y de alcance nacional.

Palabras clave: Hipomineralizacion molar incisiva; Prevalencia.


 

INTRODUCTION

Structural dental anomalies are associated with alterations occurring during the normal process of odontogenesis and may be related to hereditary, local or systemic factors. According to the time at which the factors act, they may affect primary dentition, permanent dentition or both. At the beginning of matrix secretion during amelogenesis, they may cause quantitative structural defects or hypoplasia in the teeth, while during the maturation or mineralization processes, they may produce qualitative defects or hypomineralization. In the late 1970s, el Sweden's Public Dental Service reported an increasing rise in the number of children with severe hypomineralization of permanent molars and incisors. The results of a study published in 1987 by Koch et al1. revealed 15.4% prevalence of what they called "idiopathic hypomineralization" among children born in 1970. Subsequently, in 2001, by suggestion of Weerheijm et al2. the pathology was called Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization. There is still controversy regarding its etiology, and to date, it seems to affect only permanent first molars and incisors. Clinical examination shows that the teeth have demarcated white, creamy, yellow or brown asymmetrical opacities, which differ from those due to incipient caries lesions, imperfect amelogenesis and endemic fluorosis. Mineral concentration in affected teeth decreases from the dentin-enamel junction towards the sub-surface zone, which is opposite to what happens in normal enamel3. The yellow/brown opacities are more porous and take up the entire thickness of the enamel, while the creamy-white ones are less porous, and are located within the enamel4. The affected areas have well-defined borders between normal and hypomineralized enamel. Histologically, the microstructure is preserved, indicating normal functioning of ameloblasts during the secretion phase. However, the crystals seem less compact and organized in the porous areas, which may reveal an alteration in the maturation phase, so it is inferred that the problem may occur during the final prenatal period and the first years of life5. The severity of MIH varies among different teeth in the same patient, because not all permanent first molars and incisors are affected or have lesions of the same degree, even though they are formed during the same period6.
One of the main problems in patients with MIH is the hypersensitivity apparently caused by the penetration of bacteria in the dentinal tubules through the still intact hypomineralized enamel, inducing inflammatory reactions in the pulp7. The micro-structural features of the enamel increase the risk of rapidly progressing caries which could even lead to loss of the tooth at very early ages. The frequency of restorative interventions and the need for re-treatment are significantly higher than in groups of patients without MIH, therefore early diagnosis is essential to preventing subsequent consequences8.
Latin American pediatric dentists identify it as a clinical entity, and although they consider it a problem in their zone of residence, they recognize the current lack of information9. In a previous paper it was concluded that in Buenos Aires Autonomous City, MIH was a frequent pathology (15.9%) increasing significantly with year of birth during the study period10. The aims of this study are to compare MIH prevalence in children requiring attention at the Department of Comprehensive Children's Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (FOUBA) and the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University of La Republica (UdelaR) and to analyze distribution according to the variables year of birth, sex, age, number of teeth affected and maximum severity in molars and incisors, at both academic units.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Design: A project was prepared for a transversal descriptive study on the population spontaneously visiting the Department of Comprehensive Children's Dentistry (FOUBA) and Department of Pediatric Dentistry (UdelaR).
Standardization of diagnostic criteria:
9 teachers from both schools were calibrated in three stages to record MIH: homogenization of theoretical criteria, observation and discussion of criteria using photographs, and determination of concordance among evaluators by means of a Power Point file using the designated Gold Standard. Thirty pictures of 106 teeth were used to evaluate variation in visual diagnosis of an observer compared to him/herself (by showing the same pictures in different positions and forms), and among examiners in the group. The process was repeated 15 days later. Agreement in diagnosis was determined by the Kappa coefficient, which was 0.94 (IC 0.92-0.96).
Exclusion criteria:
Children with amelogenesis imperfecta, tetracycline tooth stains, extensive destruction due to caries and/or crowns or orthodontic bands on the first permanent molars preventing adequate clinical examination, and fluorosis or living in areas with high fluorine content.
Data collection:
During the school year 2010 all children born between 1993 and 2003 with 4 erupted first molars and 8 erupted permanent incisors who visited either of the academic units spontaneously for comprehensive dental care were evaluated. To ensure between-examiner reproducibility, the clinical examinations were performed jointly by two examiners. After prophylaxis and drying, teeth were evaluated clinically under a lamp, and specially designed charts were used to record sex, year of birth, school, presence of MIH, number of affected incisors and molars and maximum degree of severity. Severity was quantified according to appearance as: Normal (0), Creamy-white (1), Yellow-brown (2) and Loss of enamel (3) 11 (Table 1).
Methods
: Two groups were established: UBA: A (n=512) and UdelaR: B (n=463). The data recorded were analyzed statistically using descriptive and inferential non-parametric tests and subjected to linear correlation. Percentages with their 95% confidence intervals were used to describe prevalence and other qualitative variables, Exact Fisher's Test to compare proportions and Welch's Test to compare ages. The Project was approved by the Ethics Committee at the School of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA 20020090200068).

Table 1: Criteria for evaluating Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) severity (Mathu-Muju y Wright, 2006)11.

RESULTS

975 children were evaluated, mean age 11.6 ± 2.67 years (11.43-11.77). No significant difference was found between groups regarding the variables age (p=0.95) or sex (p=0.30). MIH prevalence for the total sample was 6.56% (5.09-8.31), with no significant difference between A and B (p= 0.76). Patients with MIH showed a greater proportion of females, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.08). Groups A and B with MIH had similar distribution of male patients (p=0.47). In patients with MIH, it was found that 58.59% (52.28-64.70) of molars and 25.39% (21.66-29.40) of incisors were affected. Comparison of the two groups showed no statistical difference for molars (p=1) or incisors (p=0.76).
Regarding severity of lesions, 12.66% (7.79-19.09) of affected molars and 1.54% (0.17-5.45) of affected incisors had level 3 lesions with loss of enamel. There was no significant difference between A and B for molars (p=0.71) or incisors (p=0.72). Table 2 and Fig. 1 show the values for the two groups. The highest prevalence value was found in both groups for 2001; 15.71% for A and 13.88% for B (Table 3 and Fig. 2).

Table 2: Results compared for the two groups.


Fig. 1:
Distribution of severity of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH).

Table 3: Percentage of children affected according to year of birth.


Fig. 2:
Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) according to year of birth.

A highly significant positive correlation with year of birth was found at both institutions (A: p=0.0017; B: p=0.0058) (Fig. 2).

DISCUSSION

Developmental defects of the enamel diagnosed as MIH result in an emerging pathology, which poses a challenge to dentistry regarding its diagnosis and difficult management as a result of its microstructural characteristics.2,12,13 The most severe lesions have significant impact on treatment, requiring complex rehabilitating therapies with difficulties for local anesthesia, isolation of the operating field of newly erupted teeth and behavior of adhesive materials14,15. Prevalence values reported by different authors are heterogeneous, varying from 2.4% to 44% in different countries (Table 4). Traditionally, most results are from studies in Europe. The values for prevalence in this study are lower than those reported by other researchers in Latin America, such as 16.8% by Jans et al.6 in Chile, and 19.8% by da Costa Silva et al.16 and 40.2% by Soviero et al.17 in Brazil.

Table 4: Reported prevalence values.

Jalevik et al.18 note the increase in MIH prevalence over the past decade, which this study also found to be true at both institutions. Early diagnosis is therefore recommended and researchers are encouraged to study MIH further. A systematic review published in 201029 on MIH prevalence and diagnosis shows the methodological differences between studies published by different authors, such as diagnostic criteria, evaluator standardization, examination conditions, ages and social conditions of groups included in the samples. In this study, data were collected at public universities in the capital cities of countries in the same geographic region, where children at social risk receive care. As the study was prospective, examiners underwent a rigorous calibration process and samples were formed according to the same inclusion criteria. Table 2 shows that the samples were homogenous in distribution of sexes and ages. The precision error (2.12 % for Group A (UBA) and 2.46% for Group B (UdelaR) is low, revealing an adequate sample size and a reasonably sized confidence interval for the prevalence found. In this study, which was conducted in the cities of Montevideo and Buenos Aires on children at social risk and according to spontaneous demand for care, prevalence values were similar. However, a paper published by Biondi et al.10 which was conducted in Buenos Aires Autonomous City and another by Salveraglio et al.30 in Montevideo, on children not at social risk, the prevalence values were higher. This difference agrees with that reported by Balmer et al.27 for a group of children of low socio-economic status in England. Nevertheless, the MIH risk factors mentioned to date do not seem to be related to this condition, and in general come from exploratory surveys of parents' responses about children's 3 first years of life regarding birth weight and weeks' gestation; lactation on special formulas, causes and type; place of residence, low weight and nutritional difficulties; history of fever, taking ibuprofen, amoxicillin and other antibiotics, causes and number of episodes, and other medical history. However, there is still controversy regarding the etiology31,32. Further studies are needed to enquire into other variables that might explain the lower prevalence values found in these studies in patients at social risk.
Although the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) in 200333 recommended the age of 8 years for MIH evaluation, incisors have often not yet all erupted at that age, which is why the inclusion criterion in this study was not age but rather that all permanent incisors and molars should be present in children born within a given period of time. Considering the results reported for groups of
different ages and in agreement with the recommendations of Jalevik in 2010 on specifying prevalence in each age group separately, samples in this study were broken down for analysis according to year of birth. The results from both health care centers showed highest prevalence in children born in 2001. Older children with MIH may have been excluded from the sample because they had lost molars or had crowns as a result of the pathology16. The ratio between affected molars and incisors is lower than the 4:1 ratio found by Weerheijm2 et al. (2001) and Păsăreanu et al. (2006)21.
Considering that the degree of severity seems to vary according to the dental group affected 2,34 but not with MIH prevalence17 it is very important to express it separately for molars and incisors. The values recorded for molars and incisors with severity degree 3 did not differ significantly between groups. In order to evaluate the severity of Molar- Incisor Hypomineralization, this study used the criteria described by Mathu-Muju and Wright in 2006, qualifying it as Mild, Moderate or Severe, because the DDE index was considered inadequate for MIH studies, in addition to taking up too much time. Some authors currently suggest combining moderate and severe in a single group called severe or disintegrated19, 24,35. Sex does not seem to be a determining factor, nevertheless, in this study, in agreement with Mejare in 200536; there was a higher proportion of female patients with MIH, although the difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study showed similar MIH prevalence in patients seeking attention at the Schools of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and the University of La Republica (Uruguay). No significant difference was found when distribution was compared between sexes, affected teeth or severity of the lesions, but there was a highly significant positive correlation with year of birth. The relevance of MIH as an emerging pathology calls for studies using larger populations and national scope.

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