SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.35 issue3C-shaped Canal System in Maxillary Molars Evaluated by Cone- Beam Computed Tomography in an Argentine subpopulation author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

  • Have no cited articlesCited by SciELO

Related links

  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO

Share


Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana

Print version ISSN 0326-4815On-line version ISSN 1852-4834

Acta odontol. latinoam. vol.35 no.3 Buenos Aires Dec. 2022  Epub Dec 31, 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.54589/aol.35/3/155 

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Bond strength of two universal adhesive systems to human dentin using different strategies

Resistência de união de sistemas adesivos universais à dentina humana usando diferentes estratégias

1Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin of two universal adhesive systems: Single Bond Universal (SBU) and Ambar Universal (AU), used in different adhesion strategies. Materials and Method: Thirty-six human teeth were prepared (n=6) and treated following different adhesive strategies: G1: SBU-etch-and-rinse, applied on dry dentin; G2: SBUetch- and-rinse, applied on moist dentin; G3: SBU-self-etching; G4: AU-etch-and-rinse, applied on dry dentin; G5: AU-etch-and-rinse, applied on moist dentin; G6: AU-self-etching. The specimens were submitted to μTBS test, failure analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (p<0.05). Results: Microtensile bond strength was significantly lower in G1 than G2 and G3. AU adhesive performed worse than the SBU system, except in G5. Cohesive and mixed failures predominated in G1 and G2, while adhesive failures predominated in G3 and G5. Conclusions: Universal adhesives are an interesting innovation, but there are still doubts about their performance, mainly regarding the different protocols provided by the manufacturers. The conventional adhesive strategy on moist dentin demonstrated higher μTBS for both adhesives. The use of the selfetching strategy with the SBU showed promising results.

Keywords: dental bonding; dentin; adhesives

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à microtração (μTBS) de dois sistemas adesivos universais: Single Bond Universal (SBU) e Ambar Universal (AU), utilizados em diferentes estratégias de adesão. Materiais e método: 36 dentes humanos foram preparados (n=6) e tratados seguindo diferentes estratégias adesivas: G1: SBU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado sobre dentina seca; G2: SBU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado sobre dentina úmida; G3: SBU-autocondicionante; G4: AU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado em dentina seca; G5: AU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado sobre dentina úmida; G6: AU-autocondicionante. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de μTBS, análise de falhas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). Os dados foram analisados com os testes ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: A resistência de união à microtração de G1 foi significativamente menor que G2 e G3. O adesivo AU teve um desempenho pior que o sistema SBU, com exceção do G5. Falhas coesivas e mistas predominaram em G1 e G2 enquanto G3 e G5 apresentaram predominância de falhas adesivas. Conclusões: Os adesivos universais representam uma inovação interessante, mas ainda há dúvidas sobre seu desempenho, principalmente em relação aos diferentes protocolos fornecidos pelos fabricantes. A estratégia adesiva convencional em dentina úmida demonstrou maior μTBS para ambos os adesivos. O uso da estratégia autocondicionante com a SBU apresentou resultados promissores.

Palavras-chave: adesivos dentinários; dentina; adesivos

INTRODUCTION

Adhesion in dentistry is a critical process dependent on numerous factors such as the type of substrate, environment humidity, the adhesive system used, and professional operating capability1,2. An adhesive must be able to promote an equally effective bond on both enamel and dentin, even though they are entirely different tissues. On enamel, adhesion occurs due to micro-retention produced on the acid-etched surface filled by the resin monomers. On the heterogeneous dentin substrate, adhesion is challenging because ideal moisture conditions must be maintained to enable adequate infiltration of the adhesive into the demineralized substrate 1-3 .

The adhesive systems currently marketed are classified into two categories: 1) conventional (etch-and-rinse) and 2) self-etching (self-etch) 4 . In conventional systems, the main drawback is the bonding deterioration that occurs in demineralized dentin incompletely filled by the resin monomers after acid etching, leading to microleakage and dentin hypersensitivity that may affect the longevity of a restoration. Self-etching systems were developed to minimize this problem through demineralization and co-occurring primer infiltration 5 . These innovative systems create a chemical interaction between the adhesive and the dental tissue, making the interface more resistant to biodegradation, especially at the dentin substrate 6-7 . Although self-etching adhesive systems do not require moisture to bond, water is included in their composition to ionize the hydrophilic acid monomers, which are responsible for the mineral ions available to the chemical bond with the dental substrate 8-10 .

Approximately ten years ago, multi-mode adhesives were designed under the all-in-one concept, providing greater versatility than existing adhesives and enabling the clinician to decide which adhesive strategy to use1,9,11-14.These universal adhesives tend to minimize dentin sensitivity because deep demineralization is not necessary. Some studies, however, have shown that in enamel, the selective etching technique improves bonding performance6,8,9,15,16.

Although universal adhesives are an interesting innovation, there are still doubts about their performance, mainly regarding the different protocols provided by the manufacturers 7, 17 . Recent systematic reviews concluded that the application of the universal adhesive by the conventional or self-etching method was satisfactory, especially for mild-acidic adhesives 18, 19 . However, considering the difficulty of controlling dentin moisture, it is relevant to ascertain whether bond strength changes according to dentin moisture. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the microtensile bonding strength (pTBS) of two universal adhesive systems applied to human dentin according to different adhesive strategies. This null hypothesis is that different adhesive strategies do not influence bonding strength to human dentin with two adhesive systems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design and sample number

Two universal adhesive systems, Single Bond Universal (SBU) (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and Ambar Universal (AU) (FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) were analyzed with three adhesive strategies: G1: SBU-etch-and-rinse mode and dry dentin; G2: SBU-etch-and-rinse mode and moist dentin; G3: SBU-self-etching; G4: AU-etch-and-rinse mode and dry dentin; G5: AU-etch-and-rinse mode and moist dentin; G6: AU-self-etching.

Considering the error probability of Type I (5%) and Type II (20%), six teeth per group were used, with a minimum of seven specimens per tooth. The teeth prepared were randomly divided into six groups of six teeth, achieving at least 42 specimens (sticks) per group.

Tooth preparation and bonding procedures

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee in Human Research (CEP) (CAAE - 68999817.4.0000.5149). Thirty-six recently

removed intact human third molars were selected from the Human Teeth Biobank at the School of Dentistry of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and stored in a 0.5% chloramine solution for 24 hours 20 . The teeth were kept under distilled water until the beginning of the experimental procedures, not exceeding one month after extraction.

A section of the crown was cut perpendicular to the axis ofthe teeth using a diamond saw blade (Diamond Wafer Blade, Series 15 HC, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) in a cutting machine (IsoMet, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) under water cooling, removing the occlusal third of the crown. The dentin surfaces were verified under an optical microscope (Stemi DV4, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) to ensure complete removal of the enamel. To obtain a flat surface of the dental substrate and create a standard smear layer, all dentin surfaces were polished in a metallographic polisher (Arotec Industry e-Commerce, Cotia, SP, Brazil) with #600 grit silicon carbide abrasive paper (3M, Nova Veneza, SP, Brazil) under water irrigation for 60 s for each tooth before performing the adhesive procedures 21 .

The teeth were randomly divided into six groups of six teeth (n = 6), to which were applied the three different adhesive strategies using the two adhesive systems. The adhesives were applied to the flat dentin surfaces according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Table 1).

Table 1 Adhesive systems and strategies used 

After the adhesive procedure, the dentin surfaces were restored with a composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) to a height of 6 mm, in increments of 2 mm for each layer. Each layer was light-cured for 20 s using a Bluephase (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) light-curing device at an intensity of 1.200 mW/cm2 controlled by a radiometer. At the end of the restorative procedure, the specimens were immersed in distilled water and stored in an incubator at 37 °C for 24 hours.

Specimen preparation

After 24 hours, a diamond saw blade 15.2 cm in diameter and 0.3 mm thick, mounted in the cutting machine, was used under constant water irrigation, with pressure 50 g, and rotational speed 250 rpm, to make sequential cuts in the vestibule/palatal direction, leaving sufficient thickness to obtain slices of approximately 1 mm each considering the thickness of the disk. Subsequent cuts were made in the mesiodistal direction, maintaining a thickness of 1 mm. After that, cuts were made parallel to the occlusal plane, thereby obtaining stick-shaped specimens with an area of approximately 1.0 mm2. The intact specimens (sticks) for each group were measured with a Mitutoyo digital electronic caliper (Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan) with a precision of 0.01 mm, confirming the total surface area of approximately 1.0 mm2. Sticks with suspected adhesive failure were discarded. The composite resin portion on each stick was identified with a red marker and the dentin portion with a black marker. This procedure facilitated the identification of the parts after fracture. The sticks were stored in distilled water at room temperature until testing.

Microtensile bond strength test

The sticks were individually attached by their ends with a quick-curing cyanoacrylate-based gel adhesive (Super Bonder, Henkel Loctite Adesivos, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil) to the Geraldeli’s claw. This qTBS device adapts to the specific attachment used in the universal testing machine 22 .

The panel of the universal testing machine (EZ -Test, Shimadzu, Japan) was set at a constant speed of 0.5 mm/min and adjusted to detect the maximum load value necessary to fracture the specimen (in kilonewton, kn) and return to the zero (initial) position, after which a new specimen could be positioned for the test. The qTBS results were expressed in MPa and recorded in a spreadsheet. The number of prematurely detached sticks in each group was recorded, but these values were not included in the statistical analysis. All premature failures that occurred during the cutting procedure and did not exceed 3% of the total number of tested specimens and were similarly distributed among the various groups.

Failure mode analysis and scanning electrón microscopy (SEM) analysis

The fractured specimens were observed under the light of a Stemi DV4 optical microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) at 32x magnification by two professionals other than the one who performed the qTBS test. The fracture mode was classified as adhesive (A), mixed (M), cohesive at the resin (CC), or cohesive at dentin (CD). The percentage of failure patterns was calculated according to the frequency observed in each experimental group. Representad ve fractured specimens of each group were dehydrated in alcohol in an ascending series (25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and absolute) for one hour in each solution, followed by immersion in Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine (HMDS) for 10 min. After dehydration, the specimens were fixed on stubs with the aid of a double-sided carbon tape, and sputter-coated with carbon a vacuum sputter-coater (SDC 050, Bal-tec AG, Balzers, Liechtenstein), and observed using a scanning electron microscope (Quanta Fei 200, Hillsboro, OR, USA) operating at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV.

Statistical analysis

For statistical analysis of the data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p<0.05) was performed to verify differences between the groups. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using Tukey’s significant difference test (HSD) (p<0.05). GraphPad Prism 7 software (La Jolla, CA, USA) was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Regarding qTBS values, there was a statistically significant difference between G1 (SBU on dry dentin) and G2 (SBU on moist dentin), and between G1 and G3 (SBU in self-etching mode). Table 2 shows the mean and standard deviation of the qTBS test for all groups. SBU applied on moist dentin presented the highest results, followed by the self-etching technique.

Table 2 Means and standard deviation of microtensile bond strength (MPa) of the experimental groups 

It was impossible to obtain specimens from G6 because the resin became detached from all the teeth during preparation. In G4, only eight specimens were obtained from one tooth, because the resin became detached while the other specimens were being prepared. Hence, G4 and G6 were not included in the statistical analysis. AU applied on moist dentin (G5) showed pTBS similar to SBU.

Figure 1 shows the frequencies of failure modes for each group. Adhesive failure was predominant for SBU in the self-etching mode and for AU in the conventional mode in moist dentin. There were more cohesive and mixed fractures in the SBU specimens when the dentin was etched with phosphoric acid. The SEM images illustrate the predominant failure pattern found in G1, G2, G3 and G5 (Fig. 2)

Fig. 1 Number and percentage of specimens (%) according to the fracture mode of all experimental groups.G1= Single Bond Universal - conventional mode on dry dentin; G2= Single Bond Universal-conventional mode on moist dentin; G3= Single Bond Universal-self-etching mode; G4= Ambar Universal-conventional mode on dry dentin; G5= Ambar Universal-conventional mode on moist dentin; G6= Ambar Universal-self-etching mode. 

Fig. 2 1) SEM images of Single Bond Universal - conventional mode on dry dentin: a- top of the stick, dentin portion, after adhesive- type fracture at 50x and b-1000x magnifications; c- top of the stick, resin portion at 50x and d- 1000x magnifications. 2) SEM images of Single Bond Universal - conventional mode on moist dentin: a- top of the stick, dentin portion, after mixed-type fracture at 50x and b- 1000x magnifications; c- top of the stick, resin portion at 50x and d- 1000x magnifications. 3) SEM images of Single Bond Universal - self-etching mode: a- top of the stick, dentin portion, after adhesive-type fracture at 50x and b- 1000x magnifications; c- top of the stick, resin portion at 50x and d- 1000x magnifications. 4) SEM images of Ambar Universal - conventional mode on moist dentin: a- top of the stick, dentin portion, after adhesive-type fracture at 50x and b- 1000x magnifications; c- top of the stick, resin portion at 50x and d- 1000x magnifications.  

DISCUSSION

This study examined the ^TBS of two universal adhesives, Single Bond Universal (SBU) and Ambar Universal (AU). In addition to the self-etching protocol, their behavior was analyzed using the conventional adhesive protocol, with previous conditioning with phosphoric acid (37%) and varying the humidity of the dentin substrate. Although there are systematic reviews of universal adhesive performance, different brands are rarely used, increasing the risk of bias 19 . Thus, we decided to evaluate one system that is used around the world and another Brazilian system that is widely used within the country, mainly due to its low cost, though there are still few studies on it in the literature. Microtensile tests enable the analysis of the bond between surfaces in small areas 23 using a small number of teeth, considering the possibility of obtaining several replicas, and good customization of the study design. The quantitative analysis of the materials’ bond strength to the point of failure can be combined with microscopy techniques to identify the fracture mode at the adhesive interface 24 .

During the sectioning of the dentin/resin blocks to produce the specimens (sticks), dentin/resin detachment was observed in the AU self-etch group (G6) and in the AU etch-and-rinse on dry dentin (G4), resulting in zero and eight specimens, respectively. It is worth noting that that research protocols were performed carefully, as described above. Randomization and blocking principles were also followed, ensuring that the sources of variation would be acting comparably in all groups.

We found a statistically significant difference between G1 (SBU on dry dentin) and G2 (SBU on moist dentin), and between G1 and G3 (self-etching SBU). In both comparisons, ^TBS results were lower for SBU on dry dentin. These allow us to partially reject the null hypothesis that using different adhesive strategies would not affect ^TBS values. However, it is worth highlighting that all results from these adhesives were considered acceptable.

The present study corroborated previous reports that SBU did not differ in self-etching and conventional protocols and had bond strength values similar to ours 25-27 . In contrast, lower ^TBS values were found using SBU in the self-etching strategy than in the conventional modes in wet and dry dentin 28 . This can be explained by the higher testing speed applied for the ^TBS test (5.0 mm/min) compared to our study and others that used 0.5 to 1.0 mm/min. A clinical trial showed that after 5 years, the clinical behavior of SBU in the etch and rinse strategy was better than in the self-etch strategy, even considering different dentin moisture levels 29 . However, in the current in vitro study, no difference was found between moist and dry dentin.

It should be emphasized that AU did not promote satisfactory bonding using either adhesive strategy, so it was not possible to perform the bond strength test. G5 was the exception, since its results did not differ from those of SBU. Our results contradict other studies that found similar ^TBS for the conventional and self-etching protocols with AU 27, 30 . Additionally, in these studies, AU did not differ from SBU. However, in contrast to our study, one of them used eroded dentin 30 , while another used bovine teeth and considered only adhesive and mixed failures in the calculation of bond strength values 27 . No other study on Ambar Universal was found, but regarding longevity, AU had lower dentinal bond strength after 6 months, and a more stable dentin bond when applied in the etch-and-rinse mode 27 . Adhesives used in self-etching mode are designed to bond to tooth substrates by self-conditioning and simultaneous replacement by resin, integrating the smear layer to the adhesive interface 31 . The ability to infiltrate the smear layer and hybridize the underlying dentin is a process dependent on both the aggressiveness of the self-etching adhesive and the thickness of the smear layer 32 .

SBU and AU have similar compositions. They both contain 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) as a functional monomer. Despite sharing similarities in composition and versatility, they can differ in aspects such as the amount of water, solvent, MDP, resin dimethacrylates, and acidity. These differences may influence the viscosity and moisture of the adhesive, affecting its ability to penetrate and act on demineralized or non-demineralized dentin. In the present study, AU did not show positive results when applied in self-etching mode or conventional mode on dry dentin. It was assumed that the acidic monomers were not able to interact sufficiently with the dentin substrate in the self-etching mode to promote adequate demineralization and hybridization. Also, the amount of water may have been insufficient in the conventional mode in dry dentin to promote rehydration, preventing the adhesive from permeating the collagen network after etching 33 .

For SBU, G1 results are compatible with previous reports that consider moisture maintenance essential to achieving successful bonding on conditioned dentin 34-37 . The pTBS proved to be satisfactory, as previous reports allowed us to infer its good capacity to promote rehydration of conditioned and dried dentin 12, 28 . SBU contains an ethanol/water-based solvent system with 10-15 wt.% each. Thus, it has enough water to shape the collagen network, promoting re-expansion and re-opening of the interfibrillar spaces from the collapsed dentin, allowing the infiltration of resin monomers 38 . Moreover, the technical profile of SBU indicates that it contains a polyalkenoic acid copolymer (Vitrebond copolymer) capable of providing satisfactory adhesion to the dentin under different humidity levels 39 . The presence of such a substance in AU has not yet been reported. Clinical studies did not show significant differences in the performance of the conventional technique with SBU on dry and moist dentin but found similar marginal adaptation and discoloration for up to 36 months of follow-up 11, 15 . Although the performance of SBU in dry dentin in our study was significantly worse, pTBS values were still considerably high. Thus, this may be a valuable option in clinical practice, considering that ideal moisture maintenance in demineralized dentin is challenging to achieve.

In this study, the groups tested with SBU in conventional dry dentin and self-etching modes had prevalence of adhesive- and/or mixed-fracture patterns, with data corroborated by previous reports 28, 30 . When acid etching and dry dentin were used, one paper reported predominance of cohesive fracture 12 , and another found predominance of cohesive failures for the SBU when tested in both adhesive strategies 27 . In general, studies that tested SBU in conventional mode with moist dentin found a predominance of cohesive failures in dentin or in the composite. These results are reasonable because the higher micromechanical retention obtained after acid etching explains the higher bond strength values, at least in the “immediate” condition. Considering that SBU has not been found to behave differently in the conventional approach in moist dentin and self-etching, its more superficial interaction with the dentin substrate without prior phosphoric acid etching may reduce the risk of postoperative sensitivity and degradation of the collagen fibrils, which could compromise adhesive stability over time 12 . It is believed that this long-term performance is a great advantage of these new adhesive systems. Although G5 (AU used in conventional mode with moist dentin) had pTBS values that were statistically similar to SBU groups, it is interesting that failures in G5 were predominantly adhesive. Curiously, this behavior is currently observed in the SBU adhesive in self-etching mode. It was expected that failure patterns would be mostly cohesive and/or mixed in the conventional mode, as reported previously 27 . AU bond strength longevity evaluated in bovine teeth showed an increase in the frequency of pretest failures, especially when used in self-etching mode 27 .

There is still no gold standard protocol for universal adhesives 40 , which reinforces the importance of continuing to study tools and protocols that improve their use. Long-term clinical trials should be encouraged to confirm the outcomes of universal adhesives.

In conclusion, Single Bond Universal pTBS was higher in etch-and-rinse mode on moist dentin and in self-etching mode compared to etch-and-rinse on dry dentin. Ambar Universal, however, presented acceptable pTBS values only for etch-and-rinse mode on moist dentin.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dutra DJB is supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil). We would like to acknowledge the Center of Microscopy at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) for the Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis.

REFERENCES

Isolan CP, Valente LL, Münchow EA, Basso GR et al. Bond strength of a universal bonding agent and other contemporary dental adhesives applied on enamel, dentin, composite, and porcelain. Applied Adhesion Science. 2014;2(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40563-014-0025-x [ Links ]

Pashley DH, Tay FR, Breschi L, Tjaderhane L et al. State of the art etch-and-rinse adhesives. Dent Mater. 2011;27(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.016 [ Links ]

Pashley DH, Agee KA, Nakajima M, Tay FR et al. Solvent-induced dimensional changes in EDTA-demineralized dentin matrix. J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;56(2):273-281. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-4636(200108)56:2%3C273::AID-JBM1095%3E3.0.CO;2-ALinks ]

Tjaderhane L. Dentin bonding: can we make it last? Oper Dent. 2015;40(1):4-18. https://doi.org/10.2341/14-095-BL [ Links ]

Miyazaki M, Onose H, Moore BK. Analysis of the dentin-resin interface by use of laser Raman spectroscopy. Dent Mater. 2002;18(8):576-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(01)00093-8 [ Links ]

de Goes MF, Shinohara MS, Freitas MS. Performance of a new one-step multi-mode adhesive on etched vs non-etched enamel on bond strength and interfacial morphology. J Adhes Dent. 2014;16(3):243-250. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a32033 [ Links ]

Fabiao AdM, Fronza BM, André CB, Cavalli V et al. Microtensile dentin bond strength and interface morphology of different self-etching adhesives and universal adhesives applied in self-etching mode. JAST. 2020;35:723 - 732. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1817722 [ Links ]

Chen C, Niu LN, Xie H, Zhang ZY et al. Bonding of universal adhesives to dentine--Old wine in new bottles? J Dent. 2015;43(5):525-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.03.004 [ Links ]

Luque-Martinez IV, Perdigao J, Muñoz MA, Sezinando A et al. Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Dent Mater. 2014;30(10): 1126-1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.07.002 [ Links ]

Perdigao J, Loguercio AD. Universal or Multi-mode Adhesives: Why and How? J Adhes Dent. 2014;16(2):193-194. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a31871 [ Links ]

Perdigao J, Kose C, Mena-Serrano AP, De Paula EA et al. A new universal simplified adhesive: 18-month clinical evaluation. Oper Dent. 2014;39(2): 113-127. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-045-C [ Links ]

Marchesi G, Frassetto A, Mazzoni A, Apolonio F et al. Adhesive performance of a multi-mode adhesive system: 1-year in vitro study. J Dent. 2014;42(5):603-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjdent.2013.12.008 [ Links ]

Lawson NC, Robles A, Fu CC, Lin CP et al. Two-year clinical trial of a universal adhesive in total-etch and self-etch mode in non-carious cervical lesions. J Dent. 2015;43(10):1229-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjdent.2015.07.009 [ Links ]

McLean DE, Meyers EJ, Guillory VL, Vandewalle KS. Enamel Bond Strength of New Universal Adhesive Bonding Agents. Oper Dent. 2015;40(4):410-417. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-287-L [ Links ]

Loguercio AD, de Paula EA, Hass V, Luque-Martinez I et al. A new universal simplified adhesive: 36-Month randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Dent. 2015;43(9):1083-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjdent.2015.07.005 [ Links ]

Rosa WL, Piva E, Silva AF. Bond strength of universal adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2015;43(7):765-776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.04.003 [ Links ]

Miyazaki M, Tsubota K, Takamizawa T, Kurokawa H et al. Factors affecting the in vitro performance of dentin-bonding systems. Japanese Dental Science Review. 2012;48(1):53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjdsr.2011.11.002 [ Links ]

Cuevas-Suárez CE, da Rosa WLO, Lund RG, da Silva AF et al. Bonding Performance of Universal Adhesives: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Adhes Dent. 2019;21(1):7-26. https://doi.org/10.3290/jjad.a41975 [ Links ]

Chen H, Feng S, Jin Y, Hou Y et al. Comparison of bond strength of universal adhesives using different etching modes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dent Mater J. 2022;41(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2021-111 [ Links ]

Muñoz MA, Luque I, Hass V, Reis A et al. Immediate bonding properties of universal adhesives to dentine. J Dent. 2013;41(5):404-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.03.001 [ Links ]

Lu S, Zhao SJ, Wang WG, Gao Y et al. A new fixation method for stick-shaped specimens in microtensile tests: laboratory tests and FEA. J Adhes Dent. 2013;15(6):511-518. https://doi.org/10.3290/jjad.a29586 [ Links ]

Perdigao J, Geraldeli S, Carmo AR, Dutra HR. In vivo influence of residual moisture on microtensile bond strengths ofone-bottle adhesives. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2002;14(1):31-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2002.tb00145.x [ Links ]

Sano H, Shono T, Sonoda H, Takatsu T et al. Relationship between surface area for adhesion and tensile bond strength--evaluation of a micro-tensile bond test. Dent Mater. 1994;10(4):236-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(94)90067-1 [ Links ]

Pashley DH, Sano H, Ciucchi B, Yoshiyama M et al. Adhesion testing of dentin bonding agents: a review. Dent Mater. 1995;11(2): 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(95)80046-8 [ Links ]

Muñoz MA, Luque-Martinez I, Malaquias P, Hass V et al. In vitro longevity of bonding properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Oper Dent. 2015;40(3):282-292. https://doi.org/10.2341/14-055-L [ Links ]

Manfroi FB, Marcondes ML, Somacal DC, Borges GA et al. Bond Strength of a Novel One Bottle Multi-mode Adhesive to Human Dentin After Six Months of Storage. Open Dent J. 2016;10:268-277. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010268 [ Links ]

Cardoso GC, Nakanishi L, Isolan CP, Jardim PDS et al. Bond Stability of Universal Adhesives Applied To Dentin Using Etch-And-Rinse or Self-Etch Strategies. Braz Dent J. 2019;30(5):467-475. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902578 [ Links ]

Leite M, Costa CAS, Duarte RM, Andrade AKM et al. Bond Strength and Cytotoxicity of a Universal Adhesive According to the Hybridization Strategies to Dentin. Braz Dent J. 2018;29(1): 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201801698 [ Links ]

de Paris Matos T, Perdigao J, de Paula E, Coppla F et al. Five-year clinical evaluation of a universal adhesive: A randomized double-blind trial. Dent Mater. 2020;36(11):1474-1485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2020.08.007 [ Links ]

Siqueira FSF, Cárdenas AM, Ocampo JB, Hass V et al. Bonding Performance of Universal Adhesives to Eroded Dentin. J Adhes Dent. 2018;20(2):121-132. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a40300 [ Links ]

Van Meerbeek B, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Mine A et al. State of the art of self-etch adhesives. Dent Mater. 2011;27(1):17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.023 [ Links ]

Tay FR, Pashley DH. Aggressiveness of contemporary self-etching systems. I: Depth of penetration beyond dentin smear layers. Dent Mater. 2001;17(4):296-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(00)00087-7 [ Links ]

Reis A, Loguercio AD, Azevedo CL, de Carvalho RM et al. Moisture spectrum of demineralized dentin for adhesive systems with different solvent bases. J Adhes Dent. 2003;5(3):183-192. http://www.quintpub.com/userhome/jad/jad_5_3_reis_3.pdfLinks ]

Kanca J, 3rd. Improving bond strength through acid etching of dentin and bonding to wet dentin surfaces. J Am Dent Assoc. 1992;123(9):35-43. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1992.0248 [ Links ]

Tay FR, Gwinnett JA, Wei SH. Micromorphological spectrum from overdrying to overwetting acid-conditioned dentin in water-free acetone-based, single-bottle primer/adhesives. Dent Mater. 1996;12(4):236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(96)80029-7 [ Links ]

Perdigao J, Van Meerbeek B, Lopes MM, Ambrose WW. The effect of a re-wetting agent on dentin bonding. Dent Mater. 1999;15(4):282-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(99)00049-4 [ Links ]

Figueredo de Siqueira FS, Pinto TF, Carvalho EM, Bauer J et al. Influence of dentinal moisture on the properties of universal adhesives. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2020;101:102633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102633 [ Links ]

Pashley DH, Tay FR, Carvalho RM, Rueggeberg FA et al. From dry bonding to water-wet bonding to ethanol-wet bonding. A review of the interactions between dentin matrix and solvated resins using a macromodel of the hybrid layer. Am J Dent. 2007;20(1):7-20. https://www.amjdent.com/Archive/2007/Pashley%20-%20February%202007.pdfLinks ]

3M. Safety data sheet: 3M ESPE Scotchbond Universal Saint Paul2022 [Available from: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xMY_eN8mGov70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. [ Links ]

Hardan L, Bourgi R, Kharouf N, Mancino D et al. Bond Strength of Universal Adhesives to Dentin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13050814 [ Links ]

FUNDING

This study was supported by a Grant from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), APQ- 01837-16.

Received: October 01, 2022; Accepted: November 01, 2022

CORRESPONDENCE Cláudia Silami de Magalhães silamics@yahoo.com

DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest regarding the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License